SSDAN: Multi-Source Semi-Supervised Domain Adaptation Network for Remote Sensing Scene Classification

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 13; no. 19; p. 3861
• Main Authors: Lasloum, Tariq, Alhichri, Haikel, Bazi, Yakoub, Alajlan, Naif
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-10-2021
• Subjects: Adaptation; Artificial neural networks; Classification; Computation; convolutional neural networks; Datasets; deep learning; domain adaptation; Domains; EfficientNet-B3; Entropy; Feature extraction; Invariants; Labeling; Methods; Minimax technique; Modules; Neural networks; Optimization; Prototypes; Remote sensing; semi-supervised scene classification
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs13193861

We present a new method for multi-source semi-supervised domain adaptation in remote sensing scene classification. The method consists of a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) model, namely EfficientNet-B3, for the extraction of highly discriminative features, followed by a classification module that learns feature prototypes for each class. Then, the classification module computes a cosine distance between feature vectors of target data samples and the feature prototypes. Finally, the proposed method ends with a Softmax activation function that converts the distances into class probabilities. The feature prototypes are also divided by a temperature parameter to normalize and control the classification module. The whole model is trained on both the unlabeled and labeled target samples. It is trained to predict the correct classes utilizing the standard cross-entropy loss computed over the labeled source and target samples. At the same time, the model is trained to learn domain invariant features using another loss function based on entropy computed over the unlabeled target samples. Unlike the standard cross-entropy loss, the new entropy loss function is computed on the model’s predicted probabilities and does not need the true labels. This entropy loss, called minimax loss, needs to be maximized with respect to the classification module to learn features that are domain-invariant (hence removing the data shift), and at the same time, it should be minimized with respect to the CNN feature extractor to learn discriminative features that are clustered around the class prototypes (in other words reducing intra-class variance). To accomplish these maximization and minimization processes at the same time, we use an adversarial training approach, where we alternate between the two processes. The model combines the standard cross-entropy loss and the new minimax entropy loss and optimizes them jointly. The proposed method is tested on four RS scene datasets, namely UC Merced, AID, RESISC45, and PatternNet, using two-source and three-source domain adaptation scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate the strong capability of the proposed method to achieve impressive performance despite using only a few (six in our case) labeled target samples per class. Its performance is already better than several state-of-the-art methods, including RevGrad, ADDA, Siamese-GAN, and MSCN.