High-density Hapten Labeling and HRP Conjugation of Oligonucleotides for Use as In Situ Hybridization Probes to Detect mRNA Targets in Cells and Tissues

• Published in: The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry Vol. 48; no. 1; pp. 133 - 145
• Main Authors: Luehrsen, Kenneth R, Davidson, Scott, Lee, Yun Ji, Rouhani, Riaz, Soleimani, Ali, Raich, Teresa, Cain, Carol A, Collarini, Ellen J, Yamanishi, Douglas T, Pearson, Jennifer, Magee, Kerry, Madlansacay, Mary Rose, Bodepudi, Veeraiah, Davoudzadeh, David, Schueler, Paula A, Mahoney, Walt
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA Histochemical Soc 01-01-2000; SAGE Publications
• Subjects: Biotin; Chorionic Villi; Digoxigenin; Fetus; Fluorescein; Haptens; Hemoglobins - genetics; Hemoglobins - isolation & purification; Horseradish Peroxidase; Humans; In Situ Hybridization - methods; Liver; Oligonucleotide Probes - chemistry; Sensitivity and Specificity; chorionic villus; fetal hemoglobin; branching phosphoramidite; oligonucleotide probe; nucleated red blood cell; in situ hybridization; tyramide signal amplification
• ISSN: 0022-1554; 1551-5044
• DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800114

Oligonucleotides that carry a detectable label can be used to probe for mRNA targets in in situ hybridization experiments. Oligonucleotide probes (OPs) have several advantages over cDNA probes and riboprobes. These include the easy synthesis of large quantities of probe, superior penetration of probe into cells and tissues, and the ability to design gene- or allele-specific probes. One significant disadvantage of OPs is poor sensitivity, in part due to the constraints of adding and subsequently detecting multiple labels per oligonucleotide. In this study, we compared OPs labeled with multiple detectable haptens (such as biotin, digoxigenin, or fluorescein) to those directly conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We used branching phosphoramidites to add from two to 64 haptens per OP and show that in cells, 16-32 haptens per OP give the best detection sensitivity for mRNA targets. OPs were also made by directly conjugating the same oligonucleotide sequences to HRP. In general, the HRP-conjugated OPs were more sensitive than the multihapten versions of the same sequence. Both probe designs work well both on cells and on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. We also show that a cocktail of OPs further increases sensitivity and that OPs can be designed to detect specific members of a gene family. This work demonstrates that multihapten-labeled and HRP-conjugated OPs are sensitive and specific and can make superior in situ hybridization probes for both research and diagnostic applications.