Defects in the silver halide photographic process

• Published in: Radiation effects and defects in solids Vol. 157; no. 6-12; pp. 553 - 562
• Main Authors: Pawlik, H. D., Eachus, R. S., Baetzold, R. C., Mcdugle, W. G., Olm, M. T.
• Format: Journal Article Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: Reading Taylor & Francis Group 01-01-2002; Taylor and Francis
• Subjects: Condensed matter: structure, mechanical and thermal properties; Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure; Dopant; Doping and impurity implantation in other materials; Electron Trap; Epr; Exact sciences and technology; Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy; Iridium; Photography, photographic instruments and techniques; xerography; Physics; Silver Halide; Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography; Five membered ring; Inorganic compounds; Transition element complexes; Nitrogen heterocycle; EPR; Doping; Silver Halides; Electron traps; Halides; Chlorides; Six membered ring; Chloro complex; EPR spectra; Sulfur nitrogen heterocycle; Electron trap; Transition element compounds; Organic ligand; Theoretical study; Anionic complex; Experimental study; Silver chlorides; Electronic structure; Silver halide; Iridium complexes; Dopant; Photographic process; Iridium; Microcrystal
• ISSN: 1042-0150; 1029-4953
• DOI: 10.1080/10420150215813

The imaging efficiency of today's photographic film and paper is influenced in a variety of ways. Among them, the incorporation of dopants is widely used to increase efficiency, control contrast or improve imaging deficiencies such as reciprocity law failure. Transition metal-organic ligand dopants are attractive because the organic ligand influences the photographic properties. Experimental studies have shown that many of these dopants incorporate well into the silver halide microcrystal even with large organic ligands. In this paper, experimental and computational results are presented on a variety of Ir-OL dopants in AgCl where OL is a small nitrogen and/or sulfur-containing heterocycle. Electron paramagnetic resonance methods provide information about the electronic structure, electron trapping properties and the stability of the electron trap state. These results are complemented by ab initio studies that give information about the optimum structure, charge compensation and the possibility of electron and hole trapping.