Green synthesis of calcium nanoferrites using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea for photocatalysis of malachite green dye

• Published in: International journal of phytoremediation Vol. 26; no. 14; pp. 2356 - 2365
• Main Authors: Raji, P., Kumar, K. Balachandra
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Taylor & Francis 05-12-2024; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Calcium; Calcium ferrites; Clean energy; Crystallites; Crystals; Dyes; Energy gap; Ferrite; Magnetic properties; Malachite green; Nanoparticles; Orthorhombic phase; photocatalytic; Plant extracts; Scanning electron microscopy; SEM; sol-gel; Sol-gel processes; Spectroscopy; UV-vis; X-ray diffraction; XRD; UV–vis; Ferrite; SEM; XRD; photocatalytic; sol–gel
• ISSN: 1522-6514; 1549-7879; 1549-7879
• DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2390188

The calcium ferrite nanoparticles were made by the sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the material. There is an orthorhombic phase in the space group Pnma. There were four techniques used to calculate the average crystallite size. Using ImageJ software, the particles were aggregated and their size was ascertained. Using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the composition of the material was ascertained. 2.29 eV was determined to be the band gap. Vibrating test magnetometer (VSM) provided an explanation for the materials' magnetic property. A decreased band gap energy is responsible for the 90% degradation of malachite green dye at a concentration of 15 mg/L in 150 min, with a four-cycle reusability.
Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol-gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.
To the best of the author's knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.
The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.
The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.
More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.
The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.
Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model.