Application of validated UV–Vis spectrophotometry-colorimetric methods for specific quantification of deferiprone in the development of iron-responsive nanoparticle loaded into dissolving microneedle

• Published in: Mikrochimica acta (1966) Vol. 191; no. 10; p. 587
• Main Authors: Maharani, Sitti Nur Khadijah, Hidayat, Muh. Taufik, Ramadhany, Indianty Dwi, Khairani, Nur Izzah, Rahman, Nur Annisa, Permana, Andi Dian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Vienna Springer Vienna 01-10-2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Analytical Chemistry; Animals; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials; Chelating agents; Chelation; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Colorimetry; Colorimetry - instrumentation; Colorimetry - methods; Cost analysis; Deferiprone - blood; Deferiprone - chemistry; Dilution; Ferric chloride; Iron; Iron - chemistry; Iron chelating agents; Iron Chelating Agents - chemistry; Iron sulfates; Male; Microengineering; Nanochemistry; Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles - chemistry; Nanotechnology; Needles; Overloading; Rats; Reagents; Spectrophotometry; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Dissolving microneedle; Deferiprone; UV–Vis spectrophotometry; Nanoparticle; Iron responsive
• ISSN: 0026-3672; 1436-5073; 1436-5073
• DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06661-1

Deferiprone (DFP) is one of the iron-chelating agents used in iron overload therapy for patients with ß-thalassemia major (ß-TM). However, the use of DFP is limited as it experiences a first-pass effect and can potentially cause iron deficiency due to uncontrolled release. Therefore, iron-responsive (NP-IR) DFP nanoparticle innovation was developed to control DFP release. A dissolving microneedle system (NP-IR-DMNs) was used to maximize DFP release. However, in support of this development, validation of analytical methods using spectrophotometry and colorimetrics was carried out. UV–Vis spectrophotometry is an approach that is easy to use, practical, and more cost-effective than others. The DFP levels were determined in normal and iron-overloaded medium solutions with 1%, 2%, and 4% concentrations. In addition, DFP levels were also measured in rat plasma using the colorimetric method with the addition of FeCl
3
reagent to increase sensitivity for the detection of the analyte. The procedures used as guidelines in the validation procedure are The International Council for Harmonization (ICH). As a result, all linear correlation values of medium and plasma ≥ 0.999 were obtained. The LOQ levels obtained were 0.55 µg/mL, 0.44 µg/mL, 0.42 µg/mL, 0.52 µg/mL, and 1.01 µg/mL in plasma, 1% FeSO
4
, 2% FeSO
4
, 4% FeSO
4
, and normal media, respectively. The accuracy and precision were confirmed valid, as all values were within the requirements and did not change during dilution. Then, this approach was successfully applied to determine the levels of DFP in NP-IR integrated into DMNs.
Graphical Abstract