Utilizing machine learning to evaluate heavy metal pollution in the world's largest mangrove forest

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 951; p. 175746
• Main Authors: Proshad, Ram, Rahim, Md Abdur, Rahman, Mahfuzur, Asif, Maksudur Rahman, Dey, Hridoy Chandra, Khurram, Dil, Al, Mamun Abdullah, Islam, Maksudul, Idris, Abubakr M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 15-11-2024
• Subjects: Extremely randomized tree; Heavy metal; LISA; Machine learning; Sediment; Sundarbans; Extremely randomized tree; LISA; Sediment; Sundarbans; Machine learning; Heavy metal
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175746

The world's largest mangrove forest (Sundarbans) is facing an imminent threat from heavy metal pollution, posing grave ecological and human health risks. Developing an accurate predictive model for heavy metal content in this area has been challenging. In this study, we used machine learning techniques to model sediment pollution by heavy metals in this vital ecosystem. We collected 199 standardized sediment samples to predict the accumulation of eleven heavy metals using ten different machine learning algorithms. Among them, the extremely randomized tree model exhibited the best performance in predicting Fe (0.87), Cr (0.89), Zn (0.85), Ni (0.83), Cu (0.87), Co (0.62), As (0.68), and V (0.90), achieving notable R2 values. On the other hand, the random forest outperformed for predicting Cd (0.72) and Mn (0.91), whereas the decision tree model showed the best performance for Pb (0.73). The feature attribute analysis identified FeV, CrV, CuZn, CoMn, PbCd, and AsCd relationships resembled with correlation coefficients among them. Based on the established models, the prediction of the contamination factor of metals in sediments showed very high Cd contamination (CF ≥ 6). The Moran's I index for Cd, Cr, Pb, and As were 0.71, 0.81, 0.71, and 0.67, respectively, indicating strong positive spatial autocorrelation and suggesting clustering of similar contamination levels. Conclusively, this research provides a comprehensive framework for predicting heavy metal sediment pollution in the Sundarbans, identifying key areas needing urgent conservation. Our findings support the adoption of integrated management strategies and targeted remedial actions to mitigate the harmful effects of heavy metal contamination in this vital ecosystem.
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•Metal contents in sediments (77.90%) was the main contributors to metal pollution.•Extremely randomized tree exhibited the best model prediction for 72.72% of the studied metals.•Cd posed very high contamination in the Sundarbans sediment.•LISA revealed 40.2% (Cd), 16.1% (Cr), 42.2% (Pb), and 27.1% (As) of sites pose severe contamination in sediment.