Increased Inflammatory Markers at AMPH-Addicts Are Related to Neurodegenerative Conditions: Alzheimer’s Disease

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 12; no. 11; p. 5536
• Main Authors: Alrafiah, Aziza R., Abu-Illah, Mohammed M., Magadmi, Rania M., Aqeel, Aqeel, Najmi, Abdulmuttaleb, Jaddoh, Sattam
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-06-2022
• Subjects: Addictions; Addicts; Age; Alzheimer's disease; amphetamine; Amphetamines; Biomarkers; Chronic illnesses; Diabetes; Drug addiction; Ecstasy; Education; Epithelium; Heart; Hypertension; inflammatory biomarkers; Informed consent; Liver diseases; liver enzymes; Macrophage inflammatory protein; Nervous system; Neurodegeneration; Neurotoxicity; Observational studies; Parkinson's disease; Patients; Pigment epithelium-derived factor; Questionnaires; Serum levels; Software; United States > US
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app12115536

Amphetamine addiction is widespread worldwide despite causing severe physical and mental problems, including neurodegeneration. One of the most common neurodegenerative disorders is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several inflammatory markers have been linked to AD. Previous studies have also found these biomarkers in amphetamine-addicts (AMPH-add). This study thus seeks to understand how AD and AMPH-addiction are related. A case–control observational study was conducted. Seventeen AMPH-adds ranging in age from 23 to 40 were recruited from Al Amal Psychiatric Hospital. In addition, 19 healthy subjects matching their age and gender were also recruited. The Luminex technique was used to measure serum alpha 1 antichymotrypsin (ACT), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4), after complying with ethical guidelines and obtaining informed consent. In addition, liver function enzymes were correlated to AD’s predictive biomarkers in AMPH-adds. AMPH-adds had significantly higher serum levels of ACT, PEDF, and MIP-4 when compared to healthy controls (p = 0.03, p = 0.001, and p = 0.012, respectively). Furthermore, there is a significant correlation between lower ALT levels and elevated AST to ALT ratios in AMPH-adds (r = 0.618, 0.651, and p = 0.0001). These changes in inflammatory biomarkers may be linked to the onset of AD at a young age in amphetamine-drug addicts.