Porphyromonas Gingivalis in the Development of Periodontitis: Impact on Dysbiosis and Inflammation

• Published in: Archives of Razi Institute Vol. 77; no. 5; pp. 1539 - 1551
• Main Authors: Gasmi Benahmed, A, Kumar Mujawdiya, P, Noor, S, Gasmi, A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Iran Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute 01-10-2022
• Subjects: Dysbiosis; Humans; Inflammation; Periodontitis - microbiology; Porphyromonas gingivalis - physiology; Quality of Life; Review; Oral Dysbiosis; Oral microbiota; Periodontitis; Periodontitis Treatment; Porphyromonas Gingivalis
• ISSN: 2008-9872; 0365-3439; 2008-9872
• DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2021.356596.1875

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the dental plaque and affects the soft tissues supporting the tooth. It is one of the most practical oral health issues across the globe and adversely affects the quality of life. In a neutrophil-mediated action, the inflammatory response to periodontitis destroys the periodontal ligaments, gums, the alveolar bone, and the cementum. Some of the most associated invasive pathogens with periodontitis are
,
, and
. Google Scholar and PubMed were used to search the evidence using key terms like 'periodontitis,' '
,' 'Oral Dysbiosis and Periodontitis,' '
and Periodontitis,' etc. Only studies were included reviewing the
and its role in periodontitis. It has been observed from several oral pathogens that
has received immense attention due to a strong association between
and periodontal disease.
also disrupts the delicate balance between various members of the oral microbial communities and promotes oral dysbiosis. The dysbiotic state of the oral microbiome is distinct in functional capabilities and shows a higher expression of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, energy regulation, and bacterial motility. Certain virulence factors such as gingipains, LPS, and fimbriae also increase the invasion and pathogenicity of
. Its presence in the periodontal tissues increases the secretion of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1β, leading to the destruction of soft gingival tissues and ligaments. Early detection of periodontitis and immediate treatment can prevent soft tissue destruction and dentition loss. In conclusion, details about the oral microbiome, oral dysbiosis, and inflammation may offer new therapeutic options in the future, including a personalized approach and the use of combination therapy.