Progress in Eliminating Perinatal HIV Transmission in the Metropolitan DC Area Between 2018-2022

• Published in: Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) Vol. 97; no. 1; pp. 6 - 12
• Main Authors: Unternaher, Justin, Koay, Wei Li A, Mareuil, Joanna, Williams, Tierra, Rakhmanina, Natella
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ovid Technologies 01-09-2024
• Subjects: Adult; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use; Antiretroviral agents; Antiretroviral drugs; Demographics; Disease transmission; District of Columbia - epidemiology; Drugs; Exposure; Female; HIV; HIV Infections - drug therapy; HIV Infections - epidemiology; HIV Infections - prevention & control; HIV Infections - transmission; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infants; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control; Male; Mothers; Perinatal care; Perinatal exposure; Postpartum depression; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - drug therapy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - epidemiology; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult; District of Columbia
• ISSN: 1525-4135; 1944-7884; 1944-7884
• DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003463

The number of perinatal HIV cases have continued to decline since the United States achieved the goal of perinatal HIV elimination in 2019. We aimed to evaluate dynamics in perinatal HIV transmission in the metropolitan District of Columbia (DC) area during 2018-2022.
Children's National Hospital's (CNH) is a major referral site for the metropolitan DC area, including suburban Maryland and Virginia, and evaluates >95% of HIV-exposed infants (HEI) in the region.
A retrospective cohort study of mother-infant pairs with perinatal HIV exposure seen at CNH during 2018-2022. We describe the demographics, intrapartum/postpartum management, and outcomes among mothers and HEI.
We analyzed 503 HEI; most (78.9%) were at low risk for perinatal HIV. Most mothers were African or African American (87.1%) and had HIV RNA <50 copies/mL around delivery (78.1%). The proportion of HEI at high risk for perinatal HIV decreased from 28.2% to 15.5% in 2018 and 2020, respectively, but increased to 24.8% in 2022. Most HEI received postnatal antiretroviral drugs for at least 4 weeks (95.3%). Seventy-nine infants (15.7%) were born to mothers diagnosed with HIV during pregnancy. Two infants (0.4%) were diagnosed with perinatally acquired HIV.
We report high rates of antiretroviral drugs use among mother-infant pairs and a low rate of perinatal HIV transmission in metropolitan DC. Despite a 1.8-fold decrease in the number of high-risk perinatal HIV exposures since 2018, this rate rebounded in 2022. There remain opportunities to optimize maternal care and reduce the number of high-risk HEI.