Urns with Multiple Drawings and Graph-Based Interaction

• Published in: Journal of theoretical probability Vol. 37; no. 4; pp. 3283 - 3316
• Main Authors: Dahiya, Yogesh, Sahasrabudhe, Neeraja
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01-11-2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Asymptotic properties; Color; Containers; Graph theory; Graphs; Mathematics; Mathematics and Statistics; Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes; Reinforcement; Statistics; Urn processes; Stochastic approximation; Synchronization; 60K35; Bipartite graphs; Multiple drawings; 60F05; 60F15
• ISSN: 0894-9840; 1572-9230
• DOI: 10.1007/s10959-024-01365-x

Consider a finite undirected graph and place an urn with balls of two colours at each vertex. At every discrete time step, for each urn, a fixed number of balls are drawn from that same urn with probability
p
and from a randomly chosen neighbour of that urn with probability
1
-
p
. Based on what is drawn, the urns then reinforce themselves or their neighbours. For every ball of a given colour in the sample, in case of Pólya-type reinforcement, a constant multiple of balls of that colour is added while in case of Friedman-type reinforcement, balls of the other colour are reinforced. These different choices for reinforcement give rise to multiple models. In this paper, we study the convergence of the fraction of balls of either colour across urns for all of these models. We show that in most cases the urns synchronize, that is, the fraction of balls of either colour in each urn converges to the same limit almost surely. A different kind of asymptotic behaviour is observed on bipartite graphs. We also prove similar results for the case of finite directed graphs.