Continuous monitoring of the bulk oxidation states in LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 during charging and discharging

• Published in: Applied physics letters Vol. 109; no. 21
• Main Authors: Klinser, G., Topolovec, S., Kren, H., Koller, S., Goessler, W., Krenn, H., Würschum, R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Melville American Institute of Physics 21-11-2016
• Subjects: Applied physics; Charging; Compensation; Electrode materials; Magnetic permeability; Monitoring; Oxidation
• ISSN: 0003-6951; 1077-3118
• DOI: 10.1063/1.4968547

Operando magnetic susceptibility measurements on the LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode material during repetitive electrochemical cycling were performed, enabling a continuous and bulk sensitive monitoring of the charge compensation process. Upon charging and Li extraction down to the Li contents of x = 1/3, exclusively Ni undergoes oxidation in two consecutive steps, namely, Ni2+→Ni3+ for x > 2/3 and Ni3+→Ni4+ for 2/3 > x > 1/3 with a continuous transition in between. In the regime of low Li concentrations x < 1∕3, both Co- and O-ions contribute to the charge compensation. While the oxidation of Ni and O during charging is reversible, the Co oxidation is found to be irreversible.