Self-Sharpening Teeth: Self-Sharpening Mechanism of the Sea Urchin Tooth (Adv. Funct. Mater. 4/2011)

• Published in: Advanced functional materials Vol. 21; no. 4
• Main Authors: Killian, Christopher E., Metzler, Rebecca A., Gong, Yutao, Churchill, Tyler H., Olson, Ian C., Trubetskoy, Vasily, Christensen, Matthew B., Fournelle, John H., De Carlo, Francesco, Cohen, Sidney, Mahamid, Julia, Scholl, Andreas, Young, Anthony, Doran, Andrew, Wilt, Fred H., Coppersmith, Susan N., Gilbert, Pupa U. P. A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York WILEY-VCH Verlag 22-02-2011; WILEY‐VCH Verlag
• Subjects: biominerals; carbonates; Discontinuity; echinoderm; Fibers; high-magnesium calcites; Nanoindentation; Nanostructure; Plates; Sea urchins; Teeth; Wear
• ISSN: 1616-301X; 1616-3028; 1616-3028
• DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201190003

The sea urchin tooth is a mosaic of calcite crystals shaped precisely into plates and fibers, cemented together by a robust calcitic polycrystalline matrix. The tooth is formed continuously at one end, while it grinds and wears at the opposite end, the sharp tip. Remarkably, these teeth enable the sea urchin to scrape and bore holes into rock, yet the teeth remain sharp rather than dull with use. Here we describe the detailed structure of the tooth of the California purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and focus on the self‐sharpening mechanism. Using high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron emission spectromicroscopy (X‐PEEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX analysis, nanoindentation, and X‐ray micro‐tomography, we deduce that the sea urchin tooth self‐sharpens by fracturing at discontinuities in the material. These are organic layers surrounding plates and fibers that behave as the “fault lines” in the tooth structure, as shown by nanoindentation. Shedding of tooth components at these discontinuities exposes the robust central part of the tooth, aptly termed “the stone”, which becomes the grinding tip. The precise design and position of the plates and fibers determines the profile of the tooth tip, so as the tooth wears it maintains a tip that is continually renewed and remains sharp. This strategy may be used for the top‐down or bottom‐up fabrication of lamellar materials, to be used for mechanical functions at the nano‐ and micrometer scale.
The cover image presents five white teeth at the center of a sea urchin held upside down. In the tidal pool in the background, several urchins are sheltered in holes they bored into the rock substrate, using their remarkable self‐sharpening teeth. on page 682 Pupa Gilbert and co‐workers describe the self‐sharpening mechanism of the sea urchins' teeth; a strategy that may be used for the top‐down or bottom‐up fabrication of lamellar materials, to be used for mechanical functions at the nano‐ and micrometer scale. (Photo: Pupa Gilbert)