Associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 13; no. 7; p. e071296
• Main Authors: Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen, Weldetinsae, Abel, Mengesha, Sisay Derso, Adugna, Ermias Alemayehu, Alemu, Zinabu Assefa, Wagari, Bedasa, Serte, Melaku Gizaw, Awoke, Kaleab Sebsibe, Bedada, Tesfaye Legesse, Weldegebriel, Mesaye Getachew, Dinssa, Danial Abera, Alemayehu, Tsigereda Assefa, Kenea, Moa Abate, Tekulu, Kirubel Tesfaye, Gobena, Waktole, Fikresilassie, Getinet, Wube, Wendayehu, Melese, Abayew Wassie, Redwan, Ekram, Hoffmann, Vivian, Tessema, Masresha, Tollera, Getachew
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 27-07-2023; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Child; Child mortality; Child, Preschool; Children & youth; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Diarrhea - epidemiology; Diarrhea - prevention & control; Drinking Water; Environmental health; EPIDEMIOLOGY; Ethiopia - epidemiology; Fatalities; Female; Food contamination & poisoning; Households; Humans; Hygiene; Infections; INFECTIOUS DISEASES; Low income groups; Paediatric infectious disease & immunisation; Pediatrics; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; Public Health; Questionnaires; Regression analysis; Response rates; Sample size; Sanitation; Sociodemographic Factors; Sociodemographics; Software; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Nations; Water quality; Water Supply; World Health Organization; Ethiopia; PUBLIC HEALTH; INFECTIOUS DISEASES; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; Paediatric infectious disease & immunisation
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071296

ObjectiveTo determine the associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study.SettingBishoftu town, Ethiopia, January–February 2022.ParticipantsA total of 1807 mothers with at least one child under 5 years were included. Sociodemographic and WASH variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. 378 drinking water samples were collected.OutcomeThe response variable was diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years.ResultsThe 2-week prevalence of diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years was 14.8%. Illiteracy (adjusted OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.54 to 6.47), occupation (0.35; 0.20 to 0.62), mother’s age (1.63; 1.15 to 2.31), family size (2.38; 1.68 to 3.39), wealth index (5.91; 3.01 to 11.59), residence type (1.98; 1.35 to 2.90), sex of the child (1.62; 1.17 to 2.24), child’s age (3.52; 2.51 to 4.93), breastfeeding status (2.83; 1.74 to 4.59), food storage practice (3.49; 1.74 to 8.26), unimproved drinking water source (8.16; 1.69 to 39.46), limited drinking water service (4.68; 1.47 to 14.95), open defecation practice (5.17; 1.95 to 13.70), unimproved sanitation service (2.74; 1.60 to 4.67), limited sanitation service (1.71; 1.10 to 2.65), no hygiene service (3.43; 1.91 to 6.16) and limited hygiene service (2.13; 1.17 to 3.86) were significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease.ConclusionIn this study, diarrhoea among children is a significant health issue. Child’s age, drinking water service, residence type and hygiene service were the largest contributors with respect to the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease. This investigation provides information that could help to inform interventions to reduce childhood diarrhoea. The findings suggest that state authorities should initiate robust WASH strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3 agenda.