Geographic variation in COVID-19 vulnerability by legal immigration status in California: a prepandemic cross-sectional study

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 12; no. 5; p. e054331
• Main Authors: Sohn, Heeju, Aqua, Jasmine Ko
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 24-05-2022; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Adult; California - epidemiology; Citizenship; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emigrants and Immigrants; Emigration and Immigration; epidemiology; Health disparities; Health risks; Humans; Immigrants; Immunization; Los Angeles; Public Health; Los Angeles; California; United States > US; COVID-19; epidemiology; public health
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054331

ObjectiveTo quantify COVID-19 vulnerabilities for Californian residents by their legal immigration status and place of residence.DesignSecondary data analysis of cross-sectional population-representative survey data.DataAll adult respondents in the restricted version of the California Health Interview Survey (2015–2020, n=128 528).Outcome measureRelative Social Vulnerability Indices for COVID-19 by legal immigration status and census region across six domains: socioeconomic vulnerability; demography and disability; minority status and language barriers; high housing density; epidemiological risk; and access to care.ResultsUndocumented immigrants living in Southern California’s urban areas (Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego-Imperial) have exceptionally high vulnerabilities due to low socioeconomic status, high language barriers, high housing density and low access to care. San Joaquin Valley is home to vulnerable immigrant groups and a US-born population with the highest demographic and epidemiological risk for severe COVID-19.ConclusionInterventions to mitigate public health crises must explicitly consider immigrants’ dual disadvantage from social vulnerability and exclusionary state and federal safety-net policies.