Patterns and determinants of incident cataract surgery in China from 2011 to 2015 using a nationally representative longitudinal database

• Published in: BMJ open Vol. 13; no. 6; p. e069702
• Main Authors: Jan, Catherine, Jin, Xin, Dong, Yanhui, Butt, Thomas, Chang, Robert, Keay, Lisa, He, Mingguang, Friedman, David, Congdon, Nathan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England British Medical Journal Publishing Group 21-06-2023; BMJ Publishing Group LTD; BMJ Publishing Group
• Series: Original research
• Subjects: Age; Biomarkers; Cataract - epidemiology; cataract and refractive surgery; Cataract Extraction; Cataracts; China - epidemiology; Diabetes; epidemiology; Expenditures; Eye surgery; GDP; Gross Domestic Product; Households; Humans; Hypertension; Longitudinal Studies; ophthalmology; Provinces; Public Health; Rural areas; Self report; Urban areas; Vision, Low; Visual Acuity; China; Beijing China; Tibet; United States > US; cataract and refractive surgery; epidemiology; ophthalmology
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069702

ObjectivesTo investigate incident cataract surgery and to investigate determinants of cataract surgery uptake in Chinese adults.DesignThis nationally representative longitudinal study recorded self-reported incident cataract surgery, and measured biological, clinical and socioeconomical characteristics at baseline and endline.SettingIn the first stage, 150 county-level units were randomly chosen with a probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique from a sampling frame containing all county-level units. The sample was stratified by region and within region by urban district or rural county and per capita gross domestic product. The final sample of 150 counties fell within 28 provinces of China.ParticipantsUrban and rural Chinese persons aged 45 years and older.Primary and secondary outcome measuresIncident cataract surgery (primary outcome) and the factors associated with incident cataract surgery (secondary outcome).ResultsAmong 16 663 people enrolled in 2011, 13 705 (82.2%) attended follow-up in 2015. Among these, 167 (1.22%) reported incident cataract surgery. Those receiving surgery were significantly older (66.2±8.79 vs 58.3±9.18, p≤0.001) and more likely to report: illiteracy (44.9% vs 27.1%, p<0.001), poor baseline distance vision (49.7% vs 20.0%, p≤0.001), poor baseline near vision (37.1% vs 21.8%, p≤0.001), baseline visual impairment (15.6% vs 5.5%, p≤0.001), diabetes (12.0% vs 7.42%, p≤0.05) and higher baseline depression scores (9.7 vs 8.4 on a scale of 0–30, p≤0.05). In linear regression models, older age, worse distance vision, hypertension or diabetes, illiteracy and lower depression score were significantly associated with undergoing surgery. Results were similar in models including only persons aged ≥60 years, except that urban residence was also associated with surgery. When only those aged ≥60 years with poor vision were included, results were again the same, except that higher household expenditure was also associated with surgery.ConclusionsIn China, cataract surgical rates remain low; underserved groups such as rural dwellers are less likely to receive cataract surgery.