Evaluation and Modification of off-Host Flea Collection Techniques used in Northwest Uganda: Laboratory and Field Studies

• Published in: Journal of medical entomology Vol. 49; no. 1; pp. 210 - 214
• Main Authors: Borchert, Jeff N., Eisen, Rebecca J., Holmes, Jennifer L., Atiku, Linda A., Mpanga, Joseph T., Brown, Heidi E., Graham, Christine B., Babi, Nackson, Montenieri, John A., Enscore, Russell E., Gage, Kenneth L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Lanham, MD Entomological Society of America 01-01-2012; Oxford University Press
• Subjects: Abundance; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Carbon dioxide; Cotton; Ctenocephalides felis; Felis; flea; flea trap; Fleas; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Insect Control - instrumentation; Insecta; Invertebrates; Kerosene; Light effects; Light traps; Medically important nuisances and vectors, pests of stored products and materials: population survey and control; Methods; Plague; SHORT COMMUNICATIONS; Siphonaptera - classification; Siphonaptera - physiology; Species Specificity; Uganda; Vectors. Intermediate hosts; Xenopsylla cheopis; Yersinia pestis; Uganda; Africa; Ctenocephalides felis; Laboratory study; Evaluation; Modification; Xenopsylla cheopis; Insecta; Parasite; Host; Trap; flea; Infection; Plague; Xenopsyllidae; flea trap; Arthropoda; Siphonaptera; Bacteriosis; Ectoparasite; Invertebrata; Pulicidae; Yersiniosis; Field study
• ISSN: 0022-2585; 1938-2928
• DOI: 10.1603/ME11045

Quantifying the abundance of host-seeking fleas is critical for assessing risk of human exposure to flea-borne disease agents, including Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague. Yet, reliable measures of the efficacy of existing host-seeking flea collection methods are lacking. In this study, we compare the efficacy of passive and active methods for the collection of host-seeking fleas in both the laboratory and human habitations in a plague-endemic region of northwest Uganda. In the laboratory, lighted “Kilonzo” flea traps modified with either blinking lights, the creation of shadows or the generation of carbon dioxide were less efficient at collecting Xenopsylla cheopis Rothchild and Ctenocephalides felis Bouché fleas than an active collection method using white cotton socks or cotton flannel. Passive collection using Kilonzo light traps in the laboratory collected significantly more X. cheopis than C. felis and active collection, using white socks and flannel, collected significantly more C. felis than X. cheopis. In field studies conducted in Uganda, Kilonzo traps using a flashlight were similar in their collection efficacy to Kilonzo traps using kerosene lamps. However, in contrast to laboratory studies, Kilonzo flea traps using flashlights collected a greater number of fleas than swabbing. Within human habitations in Uganda, Kilonzo traps were especially useful for collecting C. felis, the dominant species found in human habitations in this area.