Advancing time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy: The role of ultrafast laser development

• Main Authors: Na, MengXing, Mills, Arthur K, Jones, David J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: 25-10-2023
• Subjects: Physics - Materials Science; Physics - Optics; Physics - Strongly Correlated Electrons
• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2309.11520

Physics Reports, 1036, 1-47 (2023) In the last decade, there has been a proliferation of laser sources for time-
and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES), building on the
proven capability of this technique to tackle important scientific questions.
In this review, we aim to identify the key motivations and technologies that
spurred the development of various laser sources, from frequency up-conversion
in nonlinear crystals to high-harmonic generation in gases. We begin with a
historical overview of the field in Sec.1, framed by advancements in light
source and electron spectrometer technology. An introduction to the fundamental
aspects of the photoemission process and the observables that can be studied is
given in Sec.2, along with its dependencies on the pump and probe pulse
parameters. The technical aspects of TR-ARPES are discussed in Sec.3. Here,
experimental limitations such as space charge and resultant trade-offs in
source parameters are discussed. Details of various systems and their approach
to these trade-offs are given in Sec.4. Within this discussion, we present a
survey of TR-ARPES laser sources; a meta-analysis of these source parameters
showcases the advancements and trends in modern systems. Lastly, we conclude
with a brief discussion of future directions for TR-ARPES and its capabilities
in elucidating equilibrium and non-equilibrium observables, as well as its
integration with micro-ARPES and spin-resolved ARPES (Sec.5).