Traumatic Events and Trauma-Related Psychopathology in Former Drug Cartel Soldiers in Rio de Janeiro: A Pilot Study

• Published in: Psychological trauma Vol. 8; no. 1; pp. 34 - 40
• Main Authors: Bojahr, Lisa S., van Emmerik, Arnold A. P.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Educational Publishing Foundation 01-01-2016
• Subjects: Brazil; Crime Victims - psychology; Criminals - psychology; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Drug Trafficking - psychology; Drugs; Female; Human; Humans; Major Depression; Male; Pilot Projects; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychopathology; Street Drugs; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology; Stress, Psychological; Trauma; Young Adult; former drug cartel soldiers posttraumatic stress disorder; depression; psychological trauma
• ISSN: 1942-9681; 1942-969X
• DOI: 10.1037/tra0000021

This pilot study investigated the occurrence of traumatic events and trauma-related psychopathology in former drug cartel soldiers (FDCS) in Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, the authors examined the relationship between the number of traumatic events and symptom severity, and compared symptom severity in perpetrators versus victims of traumatic events. They found high exposure rates to traumatic events, with 83.5% of the FDCS (n = 97) and 57.9% of the controls (n = 95) having experienced more than 5 events. FDCS had higher mean scores for trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress (PTS), depressive symptoms, and general mental health problems, compared to controls. More FDCS than controls satisfied DSM-IV symptom criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (36.4% vs. 15.8%) and reported severe depressive symptoms (25.8% vs. 8.3%). The number of traumatic events was strongly related to PTS among FDCS (r = .48). Furthermore, more FDCS than controls (23.7% vs. 10.5%) identified themselves as a perpetrator of 1 or more traumatic events. Among FDCS, perpetrators reported more PTS than victims. It is concluded that being a (former) drug cartel soldier is associated with elevated trauma exposure and severe trauma-related psychopathology.