The Use of Visual and Verbal Means of Communication Across Psychological Distance

• Published in: Personality & social psychology bulletin Vol. 39; no. 1; pp. 43 - 56
• Main Authors: Amit, Elinor, Wakslak, Cheryl, Trope, Yaacov
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01-01-2013; SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Children; Cognition; Communication; Distance Perception; Distant; Female; Humans; Interpersonal communication; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Middle Aged; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Perspective taking; Predictive Value of Tests; Preferences; Social Behavior; Social Distance; Social psychology; Social skills; Suitability; Verbal Behavior; Young Adult; words; distance; communication; pictures
• ISSN: 0146-1672; 1552-7433
• DOI: 10.1177/0146167212460282

The current study investigated the effect of distance on medium preferences in interpersonal communication. Five experiments showed that people’s preference for using pictures (vs. words) is increasingly higher when communicating with temporally, socially, or geographically proximal (vs. distal) others. In contrast, preference for words is increasingly higher when communicating with those who were distal. A sixth experiment showed that communication’s medium influences distance preferences, such that people’s preference for communicating a message to a distant (vs. proximal) target is greater for verbal compared with pictorial communications. A seventh experiment showed that recipients are more likely to heed a sender’s suggestions when the medium and distance are congruent. These findings reflect the suitability of pictures for communication with proximal others and words with distal others. Implications of these findings for construal-level theory, perspective taking, embodied cognition, the development of language, and social skills with children are discussed.