Analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the Kashmir Himalayas of Pakistan

• Published in: Natural hazards (Dordrecht) Vol. 71; no. 1; pp. 803 - 821
• Main Authors: Rahman, Atta-ur, Khan, Amir Nawaz, Collins, Andrew E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01-03-2014; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Casualties; Civil Engineering; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Earthquakes; Engineering and environment geology. Geothermics; Environmental Management; Environmental risk; Exact sciences and technology; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy; Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences; Hazards; Housing; Hydrogeology; Kashmir; Landslides; Landslides & mudslides; Mountains; Natural Hazards; Natural hazards: prediction, damages, etc; Original Paper; Pakistan; Risk; Risk reduction; Seismic activity; Seismic zones; Slope stability; Surveys; Pakistan; Asia; Kashmir; Indian Peninsula; Himalayas; Jammu and Kashmir; Lesser Himalayas; Himalaya Mountains; Pakistan, Himalayas; Pakistan, Kashmir; Asia, Himalaya Mts., Lesser Himalaya; Causes; Evaluation; Landslide; Effects; Management; damage; mountains; surveys; slopes; earthquakes; frequency; management; landslides; temperature
• ISSN: 0921-030X; 1573-0840
• DOI: 10.1007/s11069-013-0918-1

This article deals with the analysis of landslide causes and associated damages in the Kashmir Himalayas of Pakistan. The present study is based on Muzaffarabad, which lies in the lesser Himalayas. Geologically, the Kashmir Himalaya is the young and most dynamic system in the world. In Muzaffarabad, mostly, people live on the fragile mountain slopes, and therefore, they are highly vulnerable to the risk of landslides. To achieve the objectives of the study, data were collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were obtained through intensive field work and human perception survey, while secondary data were obtained from the related line agencies. The analysis reveals that in the study area, immature geology, active seismic zone, wide range of temperature and seasonal rain are the major physical factors, whereas human interventions on the fragile slopes are intensifying factors which in effect contribute to the landslide incidence. As a result, the adverse impacts on housing, sources of livelihood earnings and human casualties are escalating day-by-day. There are several implementing agencies which are responsible for reducing the risk of landsliding. So far, these agencies have not reduced the landslide damages rather their intensity and frequency have been increased especially after 2005 Kashmir earthquake.