Nanoscale Solid State Batteries Enabled by Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of a Lithium Polyphosphazene Solid State Electrolyte

• Published in: Chemistry of materials Vol. 29; no. 8; pp. 3740 - 3753
• Main Authors: Pearse, Alexander J, Schmitt, Thomas E, Fuller, Elliot J, El-Gabaly, Farid, Lin, Chuan-Fu, Gerasopoulos, Konstantinos, Kozen, Alexander C, Talin, A. Alec, Rubloff, Gary, Gregorczyk, Keith E
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 25-04-2017; American Chemical Society (ACS)
• Subjects: Atomic layer deposition; ENERGY STORAGE; flexible; LiPON; solid state battery; solid state electrolyte; thin film
• ISSN: 0897-4756; 1520-5002
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00805

Several active areas of research in novel energy storage technologies, including three-dimensional solid state batteries and passivation coatings for reactive battery electrode components, require conformal solid state electrolytes. We describe an atypical atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for a member of the lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) family, which is employed as a thin film lithium-conducting solid electrolyte. The reaction between lithium tert-butoxide (LiOtBu) and diethyl phosphoramidate (DEPA) produces conformal, ionically conductive thin films with a stoichiometry close to Li2PO2N between 250 and 300 °C. Unusually, the P/N ratio of the films is always 1, indicative of a particular polymorph of LiPON that closely resembles a polyphosphazene. Films grown at 300 °C have an ionic conductivity of (6.51 ± 0.36) × 10–7 S/cm at 35 °C and are functionally electrochemically stable in the window from 0 to 5.3 V versus Li/Li+. We demonstrate the viability of the ALD-grown electrolyte by integrating it into full solid state batteries, including thin film devices using LiCoO2 as the cathode and Si as the anode operating at up to 1 mA/cm2. The high quality of the ALD growth process allows pinhole-free deposition even on rough crystalline surfaces, and we demonstrate the successful fabrication and operation of thin film batteries with ultrathin (<100 nm) solid state electrolytes. Finally, we show an additional application of the moderate-temperature ALD process by demonstrating a flexible solid state battery fabricated on a polymer substrate.