Effects of Environmental Enrichment at Ages 3-5 Years on Schizotypal Personality and Antisocial Behavior at Ages 17 and 23 Years

• Published in: The American journal of psychiatry Vol. 160; no. 9; pp. 1627 - 1635
• Main Authors: Raine, Adrian, Mellingen, Kjetil, Liu, Jianghong, Venables, Peter, Mednick, Sarnoff A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Psychiatric Publishing 01-09-2003; American Psychiatric Association
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antisocial behaviour; Antisocial personality disorder; Antisocial Personality Disorder - diagnosis; Antisocial Personality Disorder - prevention & control; Behavior disorders; Biological and medical sciences; Child; Child Development; Child Nutrition Sciences - education; Child, Preschool; Conduct Disorder - therapy; Conduct disorders; Crime - prevention & control; Early intervention; Early Intervention (Education) - methods; Enrichment programmes; Exercise; Female; Followup studies; Humans; Male; Medical sciences; Mental disorders; Mental health; Play and Playthings; Preschool children; Prevention. Health policy. Planification; Preventive programmes; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenia - prevention & control; Schizotypal personality; Schizotypal Personality Disorder - diagnosis; Schizotypal Personality Disorder - prevention & control; Social psychiatry. Ethnopsychiatry; Surveys and Questionnaires; Treatment Outcome; USA; United States; North America; America; Enrichment; Social environment; Delinquency; Mental health; Conduct disorder; Cognition; Educational schedule; Personality disorder; Prevention; Evolution; Intellectual ability; Malnutrition; Age; Public health; Preschool age; Human; Criminality; Nutrition disorder; Personality; Temperament; Schizotypal personality; Environmental quality; Follow up study; Adolescent; Young adult; Predictive factor; Social behavior disorder; Comparative study
• ISSN: 0002-953X; 1535-7228
• DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1627

OBJECTIVE: Methods to prevent two major mental disorders, schizophrenia and conduct disorder, have been elusive. This study assessed the effects of an early nutritional, educational, and physical exercise enrichment program on adult outcome for schizotypal personality, conduct disorder, and criminal behavior. METHOD: Eighty-three children were assigned to an experimental enrichment program from ages 3 to 5 years and matched on temperament, nutritional, cognitive, autonomic, and demographic variables with 355 children who experienced usual community conditions (control group). Both self-report and objective measures of schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior were obtained when the subjects were ages 17 and 23 years. RESULTS: Subjects who participated in the enrichment program at ages 3-5 years had lower scores for schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at age 17 years and for criminal behavior at age 23 years, compared with the control subjects. The beneficial effects of the intervention were greater for children who showed signs of malnutrition at age 3 years, particularly with respect to outcomes for schizotypy at ages 17 and 23 and for antisocial behavior at age 17. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with an increasing body of knowledge that implicates an enriched, stimulating environment in beneficial psychological and behavioral outcomes. These findings have potential implications for the prevention of schizophrenia and criminal behavior.