In-situ Rock Spalling Strength near Excavation Boundaries

• Published in: Rock mechanics and rock engineering Vol. 47; no. 2; pp. 659 - 675
• Main Authors: Cai, M., Kaiser, P. K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Vienna Springer Vienna 01-03-2014; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Applied sciences; Boundaries; Boundary conditions; Building failures (cracks, physical changes, etc.); Buildings. Public works; Civil Engineering; Core drilling; Crack initiation; Durability. Pathology. Repairing. Maintenance; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Exact sciences and technology; Excavation; Failure; Geological engineering; Geophysics/Geodesy; Geotechnics; Irregularities; Laboratory tests; Mathematical models; Mining engineering; Original Paper; Rock; Rocks; Soil mechanics. Rocks mechanics; Spalling; Strength; Strength of materials (elasticity, plasticity, buckling, etc.); Structural analysis. Stresses; Tunnels; Tunnels, galleries; South Africa; Africa; Heterogeneity; Brittle rock failure; Apparent rock strength; Actual rock strength; Rock strength; Spalling failure; Mine-by tunnel; Irregular excavation boundary; Crack initiation; Data analysis; Rock mechanics; In situ stress; Brittle material; Compressive strength; Rock mass; Uniaxial compression; Excavating; Failure analysis; Bursting; Strength; Tunnels
• ISSN: 0723-2632; 1434-453X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00603-013-0437-0

It is widely accepted that the in-situ strength of massive rocks is approximately 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS, where UCS is the uniaxial compressive strength obtained from unconfined tests using diamond drilling core samples with a diameter around 50 mm. In addition, it has been suggested that the in-situ rock spalling strength, i.e., the strength of the wall of an excavation when spalling initiates, can be set to the crack initiation stress determined from laboratory tests or field microseismic monitoring. These findings were supported by back-analysis of case histories where failure had been carefully documented, using either Kirsch’s solution (with approximated circular tunnel geometry and hence
σ
max
 = 
3σ
1
−σ
3
) or simplified numerical stress modeling (with a smooth tunnel wall boundary) to approximate the maximum tangential stress
σ
max
at the excavation boundary. The ratio of
σ
max
/
UCS is related to the observed depth of failure and failure initiation occurs when
σ
max
is roughly equal to 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS. In this article, it is suggested that these approaches ignore one of the most important factors, the irregularity of the excavation boundary, when interpreting the in-situ rock strength. It is demonstrated that the “actual” in-situ spalling strength of massive rocks is not equal to 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS, but can be as high as 0.8 ± 0.05 UCS when surface irregularities are considered. It is demonstrated using the Mine-by tunnel notch breakout example that when the realistic “as-built” excavation boundary condition is honored, the “actual” in-situ rock strength, given by 0.8 UCS, can be applied to simulate progressive brittle rock failure process satisfactorily. The interpreted, reduced in-situ rock strength of 0.4 ± 0.1 UCS without considering geometry irregularity is therefore only an “apparent” rock strength.