Using Infrared Photothermal Heterodyne Imaging to Characterize Micro- and Nanoplastics in Complex Environmental Matrices

• Published in: Environmental science & technology Vol. 55; no. 23; pp. 15891 - 15899
• Main Authors: Kniazev, Kirill, Pavlovetc, Ilia M, Zhang, Shuang, Kim, Junyeol, Stevenson, Robert L, Doudrick, Kyle, Kuno, Masaru
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States American Chemical Society 07-12-2021
• Subjects: Chain scission; Chemical properties; Contaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments; Degradation; Dust; Extrusion; Fourier analysis; Fourier transforms; Infrared absorption; Infrared analysis; Infrared imaging; Infrared spectroscopy; Microplastics; Morphology; Nylon; Nylons; Plastic pollution; Plastics; Sample preparation; Spatial discrimination; Spatial resolution; Steeping; Tea bags; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; polymer; plastics; super-resolution; IR-PHI; photothermal; elastomer; nanoplastics; infrared; environment; infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging; spectroscopy; mid-infrared; FTIR; microplastics; microscopy
• ISSN: 0013-936X; 1520-5851
• DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05181

A key challenge for addressing micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment is being able to characterize their chemical properties, morphologies, and quantities in complex matrices. Current techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, provide these broad characterizations but are unsuitable for studying MNPs in spectrally congested or complex chemical environments. Here, we introduce a new, super-resolution infrared absorption technique to characterize MNPs, called infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI). IR-PHI has a spatial resolution of ∼300 nm and can determine the chemical identity, morphology, and quantity of MNPs in a single analysis with high sensitivity. Specimens are supported on CaF2 coverslips under ambient conditions from where we (1) quantify MNPs from nylon tea bags after steeping in ultrapure water at 25 and 95 °C, (2) identify MNP chemical or morphological changes after steeping at 95 °C, and (3) chemically identify MNPs in sieved road dust. In all cases, no special sample preparation was required. MNPs released from nylon tea bags at 25 °C were fiber-like and had characteristic IR frequencies corresponding to thermally extruded nylon. At 95 °C, degradation of the nylon chemical structure was observed via the disappearance of amide group IR frequencies, indicating chain scission of the nylon backbone. This degradation was also observed through morphological changes, where MNPs altered shape from fiber-like to quasi-spherical. In road dust, IR-PHI analysis reveals the presence of numerous aggregate and single-particle (<3 μm) MNPs composed of rubber and nylon.