Hierarchical clustering and compositional data analysis for interpreting groundwater hydrogeochemistry: The application to Campi Flegrei volcanic aquifer (south Italy)

• Published in: Journal of geochemical exploration Vol. 233; p. 106922
• Main Authors: Ebrahimi, Pooria, Guarino, Annalise, Allocca, Vincenzo, Caliro, Stefano, Avino, Rosario, Bagnato, Emanuela, Capecchiacci, Francesco, Carandente, Antonio, Minopoli, Carmine, Santi, Alessandro, Albanese, Stefano
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01-02-2022
• Subjects: Compositional nature of data; Groundwater evolution; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Hydrothermal system; Mixing process; Precursors of volcanic eruption; Precursors of volcanic eruption; Mixing process; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Groundwater evolution; Compositional nature of data; Hydrothermal system
• ISSN: 0375-6742; 1879-1689
• DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2021.106922

Comprehensive hydrogeochemical studies have been conducted in the Campi Flegrei volcanic aquifer since late 20th century due to the volcanic unrest. In the last decade, groundwater samples were grouped based on the dominant anion species (i.e. bicarbonate, sulfate and chloride) to explain the general hydrogeochemical processes. In this article, 44 groundwater samples are collected from Campi Flegrei aquifer to geochemically and spatially capture the main characteristics of the groundwater body. The hierarchical clustering algorithm is then performed on proportion of bicarbonate, sulfate and chloride, and the optimum number of clusters are determined regarding the results of deep hydrogeochemical investigations published in the past. The collected samples are categorized in the following groups: (1) bicarbonate-rich groundwater; (2) chlorine-rich groundwater; (3) sulfate-rich groundwater; and (4) mixed groundwater. The first group (As = 158.2 ± 169 μg/l, electric conductivity = 1,732.1 ± 1,086 μS/cm and temperature = 25.6 ± 8 °C) is mainly derived from poor arsenic meteoric water, but there is significant thermal/seawater contribution in the second one (As = 1,457.8 ± 2,210 μg/l, electric conductivity = 20,118.3 ± 11,139 μS/cm and temperature = 37.1 ± 20 °C). Interaction of the bicarbonate-rich groundwater and hydrothermal vapors gives rise to the sulfate-rich groundwater (As = 847.2 ± 679 μg/l, electric conductivity = 3,940.0 ± 540 μS/cm and temperature = 82.8 ± 3 °C) around Solfatara volcano. The mixed groundwater (As = 451.4 ± 388 μg/l, electric conductivity = 4,482.9 ± 4,027 μS/cm and temperature = 37.1 ± 16 °C) is observed where the three main groundwater groups undergo a mixing process, depending on the hydrogeology of the volcanic aquifer. Contrary to the bicarbonate- and sulfate-rich groundwater, the chlorine-rich and mixed groundwater generally occurs at low piezometric levels (approximately <1 m above sea level) near the coastline. The hierarchical cluster analysis provides more information about the volcanic aquifer, particularly when compositional data analysis is applied to study hydrogeochemistry of the homogeneous groundwater groups and to uncover the relationships between variables. Addressing compositional nature of data is recommended in the future studies for developing new tools that help deeper understanding of groundwater evolution in volcanic aquifers and identifying promising precursors of volcanic eruption.
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•Ratios of HCO3−, SO42− and Cl− are proposed for performing hierarchical clustering.•Hierarchical clustering characterizes the main hydrogeochemical processes.•The bicarbonate-rich, chlorine-rich, sulfate-rich and mixed groundwater samples are identified.•Groundwater geochemistry is investigated with compositional data analysis.•Compositional data analysis is useful for hydrogeochmical studies in volcanic aquifers.