Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose visceral canina na zona rural do semiárido paraibano e análise de técnicas de diagnóstico

Resumo: No Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral é causada pela Leishmania infantum. É uma zoonose crônica e, frequentemente, fatal, sendo considerada um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo e reconhecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma das dezessete "Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas&q...

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Published in:Pesquisa veterinária brasileira Vol. 36; no. 7; pp. 625 - 629
Main Authors: Silva, Raizza B.S., Mendes, Rodrigo S., Santana, Vanessa L., Souza, Heitor C., Ramos, Catarina P.S., Souza, Almir P., Andrade, Paulo P., Melo, Marcia A.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: 01-07-2016
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Abstract Resumo: No Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral é causada pela Leishmania infantum. É uma zoonose crônica e, frequentemente, fatal, sendo considerada um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo e reconhecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma das dezessete "Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas". O presente estudo foi realizado em 2012, na zona rural do município de Patos, semiárido paraibano, com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência, os fatores de risco da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) na região e avaliar os testes de diagnóstico sorológico. Foram coletadas 362 amostras de sangue e a prevalência da infecção foi determinada através de três técnicas sorológicas (ELISA, RIFI e Teste Imunocromatográfico DPP - Dual Path Plataform), sendo consideradas positivas as amostras que apresentaram pelo menos dois testes reagentes. As amostras positivas na sorologia foram testadas na PCR e qPCR. Aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico aos proprietários para identificação dos possíveis fatores de risco. A taxa de prevalência foi de 11,33% (41/362). Considerou-se o ELISA como padrão ouro, já que é o teste confirmatório para a LVC pelo Ministério da Saúde. O DPP (Dual Path Plataform) apresentou sensibilidade de 58% (95% CI: 0,43-0,72) e especificidade de 96% (95% CI: 0,93-0,98), com índice Kappa de 0,57. A RIFI apresentou sensibilidade de 85% (95% CI: 0,72-0,94), especificidade de 99% (95% CI: 0,98-1) e valor Kappa de 0,88. O fator de risco identificado na análise multivariada por regressão logística múltipla foi o sexo (OR=2,15 [1,09-4,21]) e os cães machos apresentaram 2,15 vezes mais chances de serem infectados, que pode ser justificado por serem mais utilizados para a caça e como cão de guarda, dois fatores que aumentam a exposição do animal ao flebótomo. Em função da taxa de prevalência encontrada, indica-se a aplicação de medidas de controle no município. Os resultados da comparação dos ensaios sorológicos demonstraram que o DPP (Dual Path Plataform) não é a melhor técnica para triagem dos animais positivos em função da baixa sensibilidade do método, sugerindo que o mesmo seja substituído pelo ELISA. Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. It is a chronic disease and often a fatal zoonosis and considered as a serious worldwide public health problem and recognized by the World Health Organization as one of seventeen "Neglected Tropical Diseases". This study was conducted in 2012 in the county of Patos, in Paraíba State semiarid region. The main purposes were to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and to evaluate the performance of serological tests. Serological prevalence was determined using three techniques (ELISA, IFA and DPP chromatographic immunoassay - Dual Path Platform). ELISA was the golden standard, since it is the confirmatory test for CVL as established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. In total, 362 blood samples were collected and were considered positive if positive by two serological assays. Positive samples were tested by PCR and qPCR. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the dog owner to identify risk factors associated with CVL. The seroprevalence was 11.33% (41/362). Chromatographic immunoassay - DPP showed a sensitivity of 58% (95%, CI: 0.43 to 0.72) and specificity of 96% (95%, CI: 0.93-0.98) , with a Kappa index of 0.5. The IFA had a sensitivity of 85% (95%, CI: 0.72 to 0.94), specificity of 99% (95%, CI: 0.98 to 1) and Kappa value of 0.8. The risk factor identified in the multivariate analysis was gender (OR=2.15 [1.09 to 4.21]), male dogs having 2.15 times more chance of being infected. The increased likelihood can possibly be explained by the use of male dogs for hunting and as guard dogs, two factors that increase dog contact to infected sandflies. Due to the prevalence rates, it should be recommended control measures against canine visceral leishmaniasis. The results demonstrated that the Chromatographic immunoassay (DPP-Dual Path Platform) is not the best technique for screening positive animals due to its low sensitivity, suggesting its replacement by ELISA.
AbstractList Resumo: No Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral é causada pela Leishmania infantum. É uma zoonose crônica e, frequentemente, fatal, sendo considerada um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo e reconhecida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma das dezessete "Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas". O presente estudo foi realizado em 2012, na zona rural do município de Patos, semiárido paraibano, com o objetivo de estimar a prevalência, os fatores de risco da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) na região e avaliar os testes de diagnóstico sorológico. Foram coletadas 362 amostras de sangue e a prevalência da infecção foi determinada através de três técnicas sorológicas (ELISA, RIFI e Teste Imunocromatográfico DPP - Dual Path Plataform), sendo consideradas positivas as amostras que apresentaram pelo menos dois testes reagentes. As amostras positivas na sorologia foram testadas na PCR e qPCR. Aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico aos proprietários para identificação dos possíveis fatores de risco. A taxa de prevalência foi de 11,33% (41/362). Considerou-se o ELISA como padrão ouro, já que é o teste confirmatório para a LVC pelo Ministério da Saúde. O DPP (Dual Path Plataform) apresentou sensibilidade de 58% (95% CI: 0,43-0,72) e especificidade de 96% (95% CI: 0,93-0,98), com índice Kappa de 0,57. A RIFI apresentou sensibilidade de 85% (95% CI: 0,72-0,94), especificidade de 99% (95% CI: 0,98-1) e valor Kappa de 0,88. O fator de risco identificado na análise multivariada por regressão logística múltipla foi o sexo (OR=2,15 [1,09-4,21]) e os cães machos apresentaram 2,15 vezes mais chances de serem infectados, que pode ser justificado por serem mais utilizados para a caça e como cão de guarda, dois fatores que aumentam a exposição do animal ao flebótomo. Em função da taxa de prevalência encontrada, indica-se a aplicação de medidas de controle no município. Os resultados da comparação dos ensaios sorológicos demonstraram que o DPP (Dual Path Plataform) não é a melhor técnica para triagem dos animais positivos em função da baixa sensibilidade do método, sugerindo que o mesmo seja substituído pelo ELISA. Abstract: Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum in Brazil. It is a chronic disease and often a fatal zoonosis and considered as a serious worldwide public health problem and recognized by the World Health Organization as one of seventeen "Neglected Tropical Diseases". This study was conducted in 2012 in the county of Patos, in Paraíba State semiarid region. The main purposes were to estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), and to evaluate the performance of serological tests. Serological prevalence was determined using three techniques (ELISA, IFA and DPP chromatographic immunoassay - Dual Path Platform). ELISA was the golden standard, since it is the confirmatory test for CVL as established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. In total, 362 blood samples were collected and were considered positive if positive by two serological assays. Positive samples were tested by PCR and qPCR. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to the dog owner to identify risk factors associated with CVL. The seroprevalence was 11.33% (41/362). Chromatographic immunoassay - DPP showed a sensitivity of 58% (95%, CI: 0.43 to 0.72) and specificity of 96% (95%, CI: 0.93-0.98) , with a Kappa index of 0.5. The IFA had a sensitivity of 85% (95%, CI: 0.72 to 0.94), specificity of 99% (95%, CI: 0.98 to 1) and Kappa value of 0.8. The risk factor identified in the multivariate analysis was gender (OR=2.15 [1.09 to 4.21]), male dogs having 2.15 times more chance of being infected. The increased likelihood can possibly be explained by the use of male dogs for hunting and as guard dogs, two factors that increase dog contact to infected sandflies. Due to the prevalence rates, it should be recommended control measures against canine visceral leishmaniasis. The results demonstrated that the Chromatographic immunoassay (DPP-Dual Path Platform) is not the best technique for screening positive animals due to its low sensitivity, suggesting its replacement by ELISA.
Author Souza, Almir P.
Ramos, Catarina P.S.
Andrade, Paulo P.
Souza, Heitor C.
Silva, Raizza B.S.
Mendes, Rodrigo S.
Santana, Vanessa L.
Melo, Marcia A.
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Title Aspectos epidemiológicos da leishmaniose visceral canina na zona rural do semiárido paraibano e análise de técnicas de diagnóstico
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