Magnitude, geographic distribution and trends of anemia in preschoolers, Brazil

• Published in: Revista de saúde pública Vol. 36; no. 1; pp. 26 - 32
• Main Authors: Oliveira, Rejane Santana de, Diniz Ad, Alcides da Silva, Benigna, Maria José Cariri, Miranda-Silva, Solange Maria, Lola, Margarida Maria, Goncalves, Maria Conceição, Asciutti-Moura, Luiza, Rivera, Maria Amélia, Santos, Leonor Maria Pacheco
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Portuguese
• Published: Brazil 01-02-2002
• Subjects: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - epidemiology; Brazil - epidemiology; Child, Preschool; Confidence Intervals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hemoglobins - analysis; Humans; Infant; Male; Prevalence; Random Allocation; Rural Population; Sex Distribution; Statistics, Nonparametric; Brazil
• ISSN: 0034-8910
• DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102002000100005

To assess the magnitude, geographical distribution and trends of the prevalence of nutritional anemia among preschoolers and to identify risk groups in the state of Paraiba, Brazil.
A cross-sectional survey with multistage random sampling procedure was conducted in 8 urban municipalities of three mid-regions (Zona da Mata, Agreste and Sertão) in the state of Paraíba in 1992. A total of 1,287 preschoolers of both sexes were selected. Hemoglobin was determined by the cyanometahemoglobin method in venous blood, employing <11 g/dl as the cut-off for anemia. Statistical analysis of proportions employed the chi Square test, whereas for means Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were the choice, all with confidence interval of 95%.
The prevalence of anemia was 36.4% (CI 33.7 - 39.1) in the state of Paraiba, greater (p=0.00) than that observed (19.3%, CI 17.3 - 21.5) in 1982. Only 1.0% (CI 0.61 - 1.8) and 6.8% (CI 5.5 - 8.3) of anemia cases were classified as severe and moderate, respectively. Boys presented lower mean hemoglobin concentration (p=0.00), and children under age 3 comprised the biological group of highest susceptibility for deficiency status (p= 0.00). It was found that the second year of life is the most critical for developing nutritional deficiency (p= 0.00). The Agreste mid-region revealed to be the geographical area of highest risk (p= 0.00), outlining a new epidemiological dynamics when compared to the year 1982, when the drought-ridden Sertão region were the geographical area at greatest risk of deficiency.
According to international epidemiological criteria, anemia in the studied regions represents a public health problem of moderate degree Assuming the analytical comparability of the 1982 and 1992 cross-sectional surveys, it suggests an increasingly prevalence of nutritional anemia (+88.5%) in all 3 mid-regions in a 10-year-period (1982-92).