Cellular mechanisms of toxicity and tolerance in the copper-loaded rat. III: Ultrastructural changes and copper localization in the kidney

• Published in: British journal of experimental pathology Vol. 70; no. 5; pp. 543 - 556
• Main Authors: FUENTEALBA, I. C, HAYWOOD, S, FOSTER, J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Lewis 01-10-1989
• Subjects: Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Cell Nucleus - ultrastructure; Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases; Copper - analysis; Copper - toxicity; Electron Probe Microanalysis; Kidney - ultrastructure; Lysosomes - ultrastructure; Male; Medical sciences; Metals and various inorganic compounds; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Toxicology; Urinary system disease; Pathogenesis; Toxicity; Animal; Copper; Kidney; Heavy metal
• ISSN: 0007-1021

The distribution of copper and related changes have been studied in copper-loaded rat kidneys at the ultrastructural level by X-ray electron probe microanalysis, in order to clarify the pathogenesis of copper-induced damage and subsequent recovery in this organ. Male rats fed a high copper diet (1500 ppm) for 16 weeks were killed at intervals; their kidneys were removed and portions of kidney cortex fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy: other samples were analysed for copper by AA spectrophotometry. Increasing copper accumulation was associated with progressive PCT cell disarray and characterized by irreversible nuclear damage coincident with the intranuclear accumulation of Cu, S, P, and Ca. Copper was also identified within structurally intact lysosomes associated with Zn and Fe (Type I lysosomes) or P and S (Type II lysosomes, putative Cu-MT). Subsequent copper decline and tubular recovery was associated with the facilitated lysosomal sequestration of copper and excretion of copper-containing cell products into the tubule lumina, Cu-MT and alpha-2 urinary protein-copper. The cytotoxicity of copper in the kidney, as well as the liver, is associated primarily with irreversible nuclear damage, whereas lysosomal copper sequestration protects the cell from injury.