Varenicline enhances oxidized LDL uptake by increasing expression of LOX-1 and CD36 scavenger receptors through α7 nAChR in macrophages

Abstract Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. It is a partial agonist of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and full agonist of α7 nAChR. We have reported that varenicline aggravates formation of atherosclerotic plaques through α7 nAChR in apolipoprot...

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Published in:Toxicology (Amsterdam) Vol. 380; pp. 62 - 71
Main Authors: Kanaoka, Yuki, Koga, Mitsuhisa, Sugiyama, Keita, Ohishi, Kaoru, Kataoka, Yasufumi, Yamauchi, Atsushi
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier B.V 01-04-2017
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Abstract Abstract Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. It is a partial agonist of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and full agonist of α7 nAChR. We have reported that varenicline aggravates formation of atherosclerotic plaques through α7 nAChR in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. However, little is known about its effects on macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Here, we ascertained whether varenicline promotes oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and clarified its mechanism. We investigated the effects of varenicline (1–10 μM) on expression of scavenger receptors (lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), cluster of differentiation (CD) 36 and scavenger receptor class A (SR-A)) in RAW264.7 cells. Expression of protein and mRNA was determined by western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Effects of varenicline (10 μM) on oxLDL uptake were examined by counting the number of macrophages stained with oil red O and hematoxylin. Varenicline significantly increased expression of the protein and mRNA of LOX-1 and CD36, but not SR-A, in RAW264.7 cells, and increased oxLDL uptake in macrophages. These effects of varenicline were blocked significantly by an α7 nAChR antagonist, methyllycacinitine (50 nM), but not by an α4β2 nAChR antagonist, dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (1 μM). These data suggest that varenicline promotes oxLDL uptake by upregulating of expression of LOX-1 and CD36 through α7 nAChR in macrophages. We found that varenicline significantly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. This activation was blocked by MLA but not DHβE. Therefore, ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway is highly likely to be responsible for varenicline-induced upregulation of LOX-1 and CD36 expression through α7 nAChR in macrophages. These processes probably contribute to varenicline-aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation. Hence, an increased risk of cardiovascular events upon varenicline treatment could occur, and must be considered in patients (especially those suffering from cardiovascular diseases).
AbstractList Abstract Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. It is a partial agonist of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and full agonist of α7 nAChR. We have reported that varenicline aggravates formation of atherosclerotic plaques through α7 nAChR in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. However, little is known about its effects on macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Here, we ascertained whether varenicline promotes oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and clarified its mechanism. We investigated the effects of varenicline (1–10 μM) on expression of scavenger receptors (lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), cluster of differentiation (CD) 36 and scavenger receptor class A (SR-A)) in RAW264.7 cells. Expression of protein and mRNA was determined by western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Effects of varenicline (10 μM) on oxLDL uptake were examined by counting the number of macrophages stained with oil red O and hematoxylin. Varenicline significantly increased expression of the protein and mRNA of LOX-1 and CD36, but not SR-A, in RAW264.7 cells, and increased oxLDL uptake in macrophages. These effects of varenicline were blocked significantly by an α7 nAChR antagonist, methyllycacinitine (50 nM), but not by an α4β2 nAChR antagonist, dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (1 μM). These data suggest that varenicline promotes oxLDL uptake by upregulating of expression of LOX-1 and CD36 through α7 nAChR in macrophages. We found that varenicline significantly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. This activation was blocked by MLA but not DHβE. Therefore, ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway is highly likely to be responsible for varenicline-induced upregulation of LOX-1 and CD36 expression through α7 nAChR in macrophages. These processes probably contribute to varenicline-aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation. Hence, an increased risk of cardiovascular events upon varenicline treatment could occur, and must be considered in patients (especially those suffering from cardiovascular diseases).
Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. It is a partial agonist of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and full agonist of α7 nAChR. We have reported that varenicline aggravates formation of atherosclerotic plaques through α7 nAChR in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. However, little is known about its effects on macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Here, we ascertained whether varenicline promotes oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and clarified its mechanism. We investigated the effects of varenicline (1–10μM) on expression of scavenger receptors (lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), cluster of differentiation (CD) 36 and scavenger receptor class A (SR-A)) in RAW264.7 cells. Expression of protein and mRNA was determined by western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Effects of varenicline (10μM) on oxLDL uptake were examined by counting the number of macrophages stained with oil red O and hematoxylin. Varenicline significantly increased expression of the protein and mRNA of LOX-1 and CD36, but not SR-A, in RAW264.7 cells, and increased oxLDL uptake in macrophages. These effects of varenicline were blocked significantly by an α7 nAChR antagonist, methyllycaconitine (MLA) (50nM), but not by an α4β2 nAChR antagonist, dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (DHβE) (1μM). These data suggest that varenicline promotes oxLDL uptake by upregulating expression of LOX-1 and CD36 through α7 nAChR in macrophages. We found that varenicline significantly activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. This activation was blocked by MLA but not DHβE. Therefore, ERK1/2-NF-κB signaling pathway is highly likely to be responsible for varenicline-induced upregulation of LOX-1 and CD36 expression through α7 nAChR in macrophages. These processes probably contribute to varenicline-aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation. Hence, an increased risk of cardiovascular events upon varenicline treatment could occur, and must be considered in patients (especially those suffering from cardiovascular diseases).
Author Yamauchi, Atsushi
Kanaoka, Yuki
Sugiyama, Keita
Ohishi, Kaoru
Kataoka, Yasufumi
Koga, Mitsuhisa
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Keywords ABC
scavenger receptor
MLA
high-density lipoprotein
oxLDL uptake
cluster of differentiation 36
LOX-1
varenicline
HDL
NF-κB
dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide
nAChR
oxLDL
CD36
scavenger receptor class A
extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
atherosclerosis
α 7 nAChR
nuclear factor-kappa B
lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1
methyllycaconitine
ERK1/2
SR-A
adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters
DHβE
oxidized low-density lipoprotein
Scavenger receptor
Varenicline
α7 nAChR
Atherosclerosis
Language English
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Snippet Abstract Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. It is a partial agonist of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)...
Varenicline is a widely used and effective drug for smoking cessation. It is a partial agonist of the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and full...
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StartPage 62
SubjectTerms Atherosclerosis
Emergency
oxLDL uptake
Scavenger receptor
Varenicline
α7 nAChR
Title Varenicline enhances oxidized LDL uptake by increasing expression of LOX-1 and CD36 scavenger receptors through α7 nAChR in macrophages
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.006
Volume 380
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