Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies

Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death...

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Published in:	PLoS medicine Vol. 5; no. 9; p. e185
Main Authors:	Thun, Michael J, Hannan, Lindsay M, Adams-Campbell, Lucile L, Boffetta, Paolo, Buring, Julie E, Feskanich, Diane, Flanders, W Dana, Jee, Sun Ha, Katanoda, Kota, Kolonel, Laurence N, Lee, I-Min, Marugame, Tomomi, Palmer, Julie R, Riboli, Elio, Sobue, Tomotaka, Avila-Tang, Erika, Wilkens, Lynne R, Samet, Jon M
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 01-09-2008 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Adult African Americans Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Cancer: Lung Cohort Studies Epidemiology Female Health Education (Including Prevention and Promotion) Humans Incidence Lung cancer Lung Neoplasms - epidemiology Lung Neoplasms - mortality Male Medical research Middle Aged Mortality Public Health and Epidemiology Registries - statistics & numerical data Sex Factors Smoking Smoking - epidemiology Smoking - mortality Statistics Studies Womens health Young Adult East Asia United States > US Japan Korea Age Factors Humans Middle Aged Male Lung Neoplasms Incidence Young Adult Aged, 80 & over Sex Factors Adult Female Registries Aged Cohort Studies Smoking
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Abstract	Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries.
AbstractList	Background Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. Methods and Findings We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of neversmokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. Conclusions These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries. Background Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. Methods and Findings We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. Conclusions These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries. Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries. Michael Thun and colleagues pooled and analyzed comprehensive data on lung cancer incidence and death rates among never-smokers to examine what factors other than active smoking affect lung cancer risk. Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries. BackgroundBetter information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions.Methods and findingsWe pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking.ConclusionsThese comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries. Background Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than active smoking influence risk in different time periods and geographic regions. Methods and Findings We pooled information on lung cancer incidence and/or death rates among self-reported never-smokers from 13 large cohort studies, representing over 630,000 and 1.8 million persons for incidence and mortality, respectively. We also abstracted population-based data for women from 22 cancer registries and ten countries in time periods and geographic regions where few women smoked. Our main findings were: (1) Men had higher death rates from lung cancer than women in all age and racial groups studied; (2) male and female incidence rates were similar when standardized across all ages 40+ y, albeit with some variation by age; (3) African Americans and Asians living in Korea and Japan (but not in the US) had higher death rates from lung cancer than individuals of European descent; (4) no temporal trends were seen when comparing incidence and death rates among US women age 40-69 y during the 1930s to contemporary populations where few women smoke, or in temporal comparisons of never-smokers in two large American Cancer Society cohorts from 1959 to 2004; and (5) lung cancer incidence rates were higher and more variable among women in East Asia than in other geographic areas with low female smoking. Conclusions These comprehensive analyses support claims that the death rate from lung cancer among never-smokers is higher in men than in women, and in African Americans and Asians residing in Asia than in individuals of European descent, but contradict assertions that risk is increasing or that women have a higher incidence rate than men. Further research is needed on the high and variable lung cancer rates among women in Pacific Rim countries.
Audience	Academic
Author	Wilkens, Lynne R Lee, I-Min Marugame, Tomomi Riboli, Elio Katanoda, Kota Flanders, W Dana Kolonel, Laurence N Feskanich, Diane Palmer, Julie R Avila-Tang, Erika Hannan, Lindsay M Thun, Michael J Boffetta, Paolo Samet, Jon M Adams-Campbell, Lucile L Sobue, Tomotaka Buring, Julie E Jee, Sun Ha
AuthorAffiliation	9 Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America 4 Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America 6 Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 7 Cancer Information Services and Surveillance Division, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan 2 Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America 5 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America 10 Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America 3 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France 8 Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America 1 American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America Karolinska
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America – name: 10 Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America – name: Karolinska Institutet, Sweden – name: 9 Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America – name: 6 Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea – name: 8 Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America – name: 7 Cancer Information Services and Surveillance Division, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan – name: 3 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France – name: 5 Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America – name: 1 American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America – name: 2 Howard University Cancer Center, Washington, D. C., United States of America
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Michael J surname: Thun fullname: Thun, Michael J email: mthun@cancer.org organization: American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. mthun@cancer.org – sequence: 2 givenname: Lindsay M surname: Hannan fullname: Hannan, Lindsay M – sequence: 3 givenname: Lucile L surname: Adams-Campbell fullname: Adams-Campbell, Lucile L – sequence: 4 givenname: Paolo surname: Boffetta fullname: Boffetta, Paolo – sequence: 5 givenname: Julie E surname: Buring fullname: Buring, Julie E – sequence: 6 givenname: Diane surname: Feskanich fullname: Feskanich, Diane – sequence: 7 givenname: W Dana surname: Flanders fullname: Flanders, W Dana – sequence: 8 givenname: Sun Ha surname: Jee fullname: Jee, Sun Ha – sequence: 9 givenname: Kota surname: Katanoda fullname: Katanoda, Kota – sequence: 10 givenname: Laurence N surname: Kolonel fullname: Kolonel, Laurence N – sequence: 11 givenname: I-Min surname: Lee fullname: Lee, I-Min – sequence: 12 givenname: Tomomi surname: Marugame fullname: Marugame, Tomomi – sequence: 13 givenname: Julie R surname: Palmer fullname: Palmer, Julie R – sequence: 14 givenname: Elio surname: Riboli fullname: Riboli, Elio – sequence: 15 givenname: Tomotaka surname: Sobue fullname: Sobue, Tomotaka – sequence: 16 givenname: Erika surname: Avila-Tang fullname: Avila-Tang, Erika – sequence: 17 givenname: Lynne R surname: Wilkens fullname: Wilkens, Lynne R – sequence: 18 givenname: Jon M surname: Samet fullname: Samet, Jon M
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18788891$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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21 Henschke (journal-pmed-0050185-b045) 2001; 952 Wingo (journal-pmed-0050185-b018) 2003; 97 Hoffman (journal-pmed-0050185-b071) 1931; 93 Jee (journal-pmed-0050185-b027) 2006; 355 Metayer (journal-pmed-0050185-b056) 2002; 35 Chiu (journal-pmed-0050185-b060) 2004; 111 Ries (journal-pmed-0050185-b032) 2006 Zhong (journal-pmed-0050185-b055) 1999; 10 Geng (journal-pmed-0050185-b058) 1988 Jemal (journal-pmed-0050185-b003) 2008; 58 Schneiderman (journal-pmed-0050185-b066) 1989; 261 Enstrom (journal-pmed-0050185-b012) 1979; 62 (journal-pmed-0050185-b015) 1992
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Snippet	Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors other than... Background Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors... BACKGROUNDBetter information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors... Michael Thun and colleagues pooled and analyzed comprehensive data on lung cancer incidence and death rates among never-smokers to examine what factors other... BackgroundBetter information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how factors... Background Better information on lung cancer occurrence in lifelong nonsmokers is needed to understand gender and racial disparities and to examine how...
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Title	Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies
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