Athlete atypicity on the edge of human achievement: performances stagnate after the last peak, in 1988

The growth law for the development of top athletes performances remains unknown in quantifiable sport events. Here we present a growth model for 41351 best performers from 70 track and field (T&F) and swimming events and detail their characteristics over the modern Olympic era. We show that 64%...

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Published in:	PloS one Vol. 5; no. 1; p. e8800
Main Authors:	Berthelot, Geoffroy, Tafflet, Muriel, El Helou, Nour, Len, Stéphane, Escolano, Sylvie, Guillaume, Marion, Nassif, Hala, Tolaïni, Julien, Thibault, Valérie, Desgorces, François Denis, Hermine, Olivier, Toussaint, Jean-François
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 20-01-2010 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Athletes Evolutionary Biology/Human Evolution Human health and pathology Human performance Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Innovations Internet Life Sciences Mathematics/Statistics Olympic games Pharmacology Physiology Public Health and Epidemiology/Exercise and Sports Rarefaction Science Sport Sports Sports history Stagnation Swimming Task Performance and Analysis Technological change Tissues and Organs Trends France
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Abstract	The growth law for the development of top athletes performances remains unknown in quantifiable sport events. Here we present a growth model for 41351 best performers from 70 track and field (T&F) and swimming events and detail their characteristics over the modern Olympic era. We show that 64% of T&F events no longer improved since 1993, while 47% of swimming events stagnated after 1990, prior to a second progression step starting in 2000. Since then, 100% of swimming events continued to progress.We also provide a measurement of the atypicity for the 3919 best performances (BP) of each year in every event. The secular evolution of this parameter for T&F reveals four peaks; the most recent (1988) followed by a major stagnation. This last peak may correspond to the most recent successful attempt to push forward human physiological limits. No atypicity trend is detected in swimming. The upcoming rarefaction of new records in sport may be delayed by technological innovations, themselves depending upon economical constraints.
AbstractList	The growth law for the development of top athletes performances remains unknown in quantifiable sport events. Here we present a growth model for 41351 best performers from 70 track and field (T&F) and swimming events and detail their characteristics over the modern Olympic era. We show that 64% of T&F events no longer improved since 1993, while 47% of swimming events stagnated after 1990, prior to a second progression step starting in 2000. Since then, 100% of swimming events continued to progress. The growth law for the development of top athletes performances remains unknown in quantifiable sport events. Here we present a growth model for 41351 best performers from 70 track and field (T&F) and swimming events and detail their characteristics over the modern Olympic era. We show that 64% of T&F events no longer improved since 1993, while 47% of swimming events stagnated after 1990, prior to a second progression step starting in 2000. Since then, 100% of swimming events continued to progress. We also provide a measurement of the atypicity for the 3919 best performances (BP) of each year in every event. The secular evolution of this parameter for T&F reveals four peaks; the most recent (1988) followed by a major stagnation. This last peak may correspond to the most recent successful attempt to push forward human physiological limits. No atypicity trend is detected in swimming. The upcoming rarefaction of new records in sport may be delayed by technological innovations, themselves depending upon economical constraints. The growth law for the development of top athletes performances remains unknown in quantifiable sport events. Here we present a growth model for 41351 best performers from 70 track and field (T&F) and swimming events and detail their characteristics over the modern Olympic era. We show that 64% of T&F events no longer improved since 1993, while 47% of swimming events stagnated after 1990, prior to a second progression step starting in 2000. Since then, 100% of swimming events continued to progress. We also provide a measurement of the atypicity for the 3919 best performances (BP) of each year in every event. The secular evolution of this parameter for T&F reveals four peaks; the most recent (1988) followed by a major stagnation. This last peak may correspond to the most recent successful attempt to push forward human physiological limits. No atypicity trend is detected in swimming. The upcoming rarefaction of new records in sport may be delayed by technological innovations, themselves depending upon economical constraints.
Audience	Academic
Author	Guillaume, Marion Escolano, Sylvie Toussaint, Jean-François Berthelot, Geoffroy Len, Stéphane Nassif, Hala El Helou, Nour Tolaïni, Julien Thibault, Valérie Tafflet, Muriel Desgorces, François Denis Hermine, Olivier
AuthorAffiliation	2 INSERM, U970, Paris, France 4 Service d'hématologie Hôpital Necker and CNRS UMR 8147, Paris, France 3 Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Sciences, Paris, France Pennington Biomedical Research Center, United States of America 5 Centre d'Investigation de la Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France 1 IRMES, Insep, Paris, France
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, United States of America – name: 2 INSERM, U970, Paris, France – name: 5 Centre d'Investigation de la Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France – name: 3 Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Sciences, Paris, France – name: 4 Service d'hématologie Hôpital Necker and CNRS UMR 8147, Paris, France – name: 1 IRMES, Insep, Paris, France
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Copyright	COPYRIGHT 2010 Public Library of Science 2010 Berthelot et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Berthelot et al. 2010
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SubjectTerms	Athletes Evolutionary Biology/Human Evolution Human health and pathology Human performance Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Innovations Internet Life Sciences Mathematics/Statistics Olympic games Pharmacology Physiology Public Health and Epidemiology/Exercise and Sports Rarefaction Science Sport Sports Sports history Stagnation Swimming Task Performance and Analysis Technological change Tissues and Organs Trends
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Title	Athlete atypicity on the edge of human achievement: performances stagnate after the last peak, in 1988
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