A cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial evaluating perinatal home visiting among South African mothers/infants
Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare a...
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| Published in: | PloS one Vol. 9; no. 10; p. e105934 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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23-10-2014
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| Abstract | Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks.
In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received.
Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight ≥2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048).
Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528. |
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| AbstractList | BACKGROUND:Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. METHODS:In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. RESULTS:Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight ≥2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS:Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528. Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight ≥2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528. Background Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. Methods In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. Results Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight ≥2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). Conclusions Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528 Background Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. Methods In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. Results Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight ≥2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). Conclusions Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528 Background Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. Methods In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. Results Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight [greater than or equal to]2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). Conclusions Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528 In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. Benefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight [greater than or equal to]2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). Home visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. BACKGROUNDInterventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks. METHODSIn a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 594 women), or 2) a home visiting intervention by CBW trained in cognitive-behavioural strategies to address health risks (by the Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme), in addition to clinic care (n = 12 neighbourhoods; n = 644 women). Participants were assessed during pregnancy (2% refusal) and 92% were reassessed at two weeks post-birth, 88% at six months and 84% at 18 months later. We analysed 32 measures of maternal/infant well-being over the 18 month follow-up period using longitudinal random effects regressions. A binomial test for correlated outcomes evaluated overall effectiveness over time. The 18 month post-birth assessment outcomes also were examined alone and as a function of the number of home visits received. RESULTSBenefits were found on 7 of 32 measures of outcomes, resulting in significant overall benefits for the intervention compared to the control when using the binomial test (p = 0.008); nevertheless, no effects were observed when only the 18 month outcomes were analyzed. Benefits on individual outcomes were related to the number of home visits received. Among women living with HIV, intervention mothers were more likely to implement the PMTCT regimens, use condoms during all sexual episodes (OR = 1.25; p = 0.014), have infants with healthy weight-for-age measurements (OR = 1.42; p = 0.045), height-for-age measurements (OR = 1.13, p<0.001), breastfeed exclusively for six months (OR = 3.59; p<0.001), and breastfeed longer (OR = 3.08; p<0.001). Number of visits was positively associated with infant birth weight ≥2500 grams (OR = 1.07; p = 0.012), healthy head-circumference-for-age measurements at 6 months (OR = 1.09, p = 0.017), and improved cognitive development at 18 months (OR = 1.02, p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONSHome visits to neighbourhood mothers by CHWs may be a feasible strategy for enhancing maternal/child outcomes. However, visits likely must extend over several years for persistent benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT00996528. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Worthman, Carol M O'Connor, Mary J Weiss, Robert E Harwood, Jessica M Rotheram-Borus, Mary Jane le Roux, Ingrid M Comulada, Scott Tomlinson, Mark |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America 3 Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme, Elonwabeni, Cape Town, South Africa 2 Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 5 Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America Columbia University, United States of America 4 Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa – name: 4 Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America – name: 1 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – name: 3 Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme, Elonwabeni, Cape Town, South Africa – name: Columbia University, United States of America – name: 5 Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Mary Jane surname: Rotheram-Borus fullname: Rotheram-Borus, Mary Jane organization: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Mark surname: Tomlinson fullname: Tomlinson, Mark organization: Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa – sequence: 3 givenname: Ingrid M surname: le Roux fullname: le Roux, Ingrid M organization: Philani Maternal, Child Health and Nutrition Programme, Elonwabeni, Cape Town, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: Jessica M surname: Harwood fullname: Harwood, Jessica M organization: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – sequence: 5 givenname: Scott surname: Comulada fullname: Comulada, Scott organization: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – sequence: 6 givenname: Mary J surname: O'Connor fullname: O'Connor, Mary J organization: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert E surname: Weiss fullname: Weiss, Robert E organization: Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America – sequence: 8 givenname: Carol M surname: Worthman fullname: Worthman, Carol M organization: Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25340337$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright_xml | – notice: COPYRIGHT 2014 Public Library of Science – notice: 2014. This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: 2014 |
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| DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0105934 |
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| DocumentTitleAlternate | Home Visiting for South African Mothers and Infants |
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| Editor | Helleringer, Stephane |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-News-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Conceived and designed the experiments: MJR IMLR MT MJO CMW REW. Performed the experiments: IMLR MT. Analyzed the data: MJR JMH MJO CMW SC REW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MJR JMH MT IMLR SC. Wrote the paper: MJR IMLR MT JMH MJO CMW SC REW. |
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| References | ref12 PJ Cooper (ref4) 1999; 175 BR Flay (ref33) 2005; 6 ref32 ref18 WL Berggren (ref34) 2002; 23 RT Gross (ref27) 1990; 263 MA Sweet (ref9) 2004; 75 MJ Rotheram-Borus (ref2) 2012; 67 AD Stein (ref28) 2013; 163 DL Olds (ref6) 2004; 114 M Tomlinson (ref35) 2013; 15 M Tomlinson (ref15) 2014 S Alamo (ref25) 2012; 26 N Nannan (ref5) 2007; 97 PA May (ref20) 2009; 15 D Chibanda (ref23) 2010; 13 S Grantham-McGreggor (ref1) 2007; 369 D Olds (ref7) 1998 ref24 T Tylleskar (ref30) 2011; 378 DL Olds (ref10) 2002; 110 S Peacock (ref8) 2013; 13 ref21 MJ Rotheram-Borus (ref36) 2012 M Tomlinson (ref13) 2014; 19 C Sprague (ref37) 2011; 8 A Haines (ref26) 2007; 369 MJ Rotheram-Borus (ref16) 2011; 12 ref29 A Suri (ref31) 2007; 196 BR Kirkwood (ref14) 2010; 11 IM le Roux (ref17) 2013; 27 ref3 MJ Rotheram-Borus (ref38) 2013 JL Cox (ref22) 1987; 150 P Singh (ref11) 2013; 382 DA Dawson (ref19) 2005; 46 |
| References_xml | – year: 2014 ident: ref15 article-title: Multiple risk factors during pregnancy in South Africa: the need for a horizontal approach to perinatal care publication-title: Prev Sci contributor: fullname: M Tomlinson – ident: ref3 – volume: 263 start-page: 3035 issue: 22 year: 1990 ident: ref27 article-title: Enhancing the outcomes of low-birth-weight, premature infants: A multisite, randomized trial publication-title: JAMA doi: 10.1001/jama.1990.03440220059030 contributor: fullname: RT Gross – volume: 23 start-page: 7 issue: Suppl 4 year: 2002 ident: ref34 article-title: Positive deviant behavior and nutrition education publication-title: Food and Nutrition Bulletin- United Nations University doi: 10.1177/15648265020234S202 contributor: fullname: WL Berggren – volume: 26 start-page: 101 issue: 2 year: 2012 ident: ref25 article-title: Task-shifting to community health workers: evaluation of the performance of a peer-led model in an antiretroviral program in Uganda publication-title: AIDS Patient Care STDS doi: 10.1089/apc.2011.0279 contributor: fullname: S Alamo – ident: ref29 – volume: 15 start-page: 176 year: 2009 ident: ref20 article-title: Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies publication-title: Dev Disabil Res Rev doi: 10.1002/ddrr.68 contributor: fullname: PA May – ident: ref24 – volume: 6 start-page: 151 year: 2005 ident: ref33 article-title: Standards of evidence: Criteria for efficacy, effectiveness and dissemination publication-title: Prev Sci doi: 10.1007/s11121-005-5553-y contributor: fullname: BR Flay – volume: 378 start-page: 420 issue: 9789 year: 2011 ident: ref30 article-title: Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60738-1 contributor: fullname: T Tylleskar – volume: 97 start-page: 733 issue: 8 Pt 2 year: 2007 ident: ref5 article-title: Estimating the burden of disease attributable to childhood and maternal undernutrition in South Africa in 2000 publication-title: S Afr Med J contributor: fullname: N Nannan – volume: 110 start-page: 486 issue: 3 year: 2002 ident: ref10 article-title: Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: A randomized, controlled trial publication-title: Pediatrics doi: 10.1542/peds.110.3.486 contributor: fullname: DL Olds – ident: ref32 – volume: 15 issue: 1 year: 2013 ident: ref35 article-title: Value of a mobile information system to improve quality of care by community health workers publication-title: S Afr J Inf Manag doi: 10.4102/sajim.v15i1.528 contributor: fullname: M Tomlinson – volume: 11 start-page: 58 year: 2010 ident: ref14 article-title: NEWHINTS cluster randomised trial to evaluate the impact on neonatal mortality in rural Ghana of routine home visits to provide a package of essential newborn care interventions in the third trimester of pregnancy and the first week of life: trial protocol publication-title: Trials doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-11-58 contributor: fullname: BR Kirkwood – volume: 19 start-page: 256 year: 2014 ident: ref13 article-title: Goodstart: a cluster randomised effectiveness trial of an intergrated, community-based package for maternal and newborn care, with prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a South African township publication-title: TM & IH doi: 10.1111/tmi.12257 contributor: fullname: M Tomlinson – year: 2012 ident: ref36 article-title: Standardized functions for Smart-phone applications: Examples from maternal and child health publication-title: Int J Telemed Appl contributor: fullname: MJ Rotheram-Borus – year: 2013 ident: ref38 article-title: Adapting Evidence-Based Interventions Using a Common Theory, Practices, and Principles publication-title: J Clin Child Psychol contributor: fullname: MJ Rotheram-Borus – volume: 12 start-page: 372 issue: 4 year: 2011 ident: ref16 article-title: Philani Plus (+): a randomized controlled trial of Mentor Mother home visiting program to improve infants' outcomes publication-title: Prev Sci doi: 10.1007/s11121-011-0238-1 contributor: fullname: MJ Rotheram-Borus – volume: 75 start-page: 1435 issue: 5 year: 2004 ident: ref9 article-title: Is home visiting an effective strategy? 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| Snippet | Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant risks.
In a... Background Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant... In a cluster randomised controlled trial in Cape Town townships, neighbourhoods were randomised within matched pairs to 1) the control, healthcare at clinics... BACKGROUNDInterventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant... BACKGROUND:Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant... Background Interventions are needed to reduce poor perinatal health. We trained community health workers (CHWs) as home visitors to address maternal/infant... |
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| SubjectTerms | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Age AIDS Alcohol Babies Biology and Life Sciences Birth weight Breast feeding Child development Child health Childbirth & labor Children & youth Childrens health Clinical Trial Clusters Cognitive ability Condoms Female Health aspects Health care Health risks Health visiting HIV House Calls Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infant Infants Intervention Maternal & child health Medical personnel Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Mothers Nutrition Outcome Assessment, Health Care Postnatal Care Postpartum depression Pregnancy Psychiatry Randomization Regression analysis Sexually transmitted diseases South Africa STD Womens health Workers |
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| Title | A cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial evaluating perinatal home visiting among South African mothers/infants |
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