Occupation and fertility on the frontier Evidence from the state of Utah

• Published in: Demographic research Vol. 30; pp. 853 - 886
• Main Authors: Maloney, Thomas N., Hanson, Heidi, Smith, Ken R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2014; Max Planck Institut für Demografische Forschung
• Subjects: 19th century; 20th century; Age; Agriculture; Behavior; Birth rates; Birth Spacing; Cancer; Children; Children & youth; Demographic aspects; Demography; Economic aspects; Employment; Families & family life; Family; Family farms; Family Life; Family planning; Farmers; Farms; Female fertility; Fertility; fertility transition; historical demography; Households; Labor supply; Level of education; Manufacturing; Marriage; occupation; Occupations; P values; Research Article; Social aspects; socio-economic status; Socioeconomic status; Socioeconomics; Sociological research; Studies; Training; U.S.A; United States of America; Utah; Values; White Collar Workers; Women; Utah; United States > US; USA, Utah
• ISSN: 1435-9871; 1435-9871; 2363-7064
• DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.29

Most of what we know about fertility decline in the United States comes from aggregate (often state or county level) data sources. It is difficult to identify variation in fertility change across socio-economic classes in such data, although understanding such variation would provide deeper insight into the history of the fertility transition.
We use rich micro-level data to examine differences across occupational classes in fertility levels and in the timing and pace of change in fertility in the US state of Utah in the late 19
and early 20
centuries.
Our evidence comes from the Utah Population Database, which contains several generations of linked family histories, including information on residents of Utah from the mid-1800s to the present. We use standard linear regression models to identify variation in fertility across birth cohorts and occupational classes as well as cohort-occupation interaction effects (to identify differences across classes in the pace of change over time).
Families of white collar workers led changes in many fertility-related behaviors, particularly those tied to the start of family life (marriage age and first birth interval). Farm families had high fertility levels and added children into late ages, although they also experienced declining fertility.
Examination of detailed micro-level data on fertility change identifies important differences in the patterns of change which may be tied to variation in relevant economic circumstances - for instance, the length of education and training required for particular occupations, or the need for family-based labor on the farm.