Effects of individual quality, reproductive success and environmental variability on survival of a long-lived seabird

• Published in: The Journal of animal ecology Vol. 78; no. 4; pp. 798 - 806
• Main Authors: Lescroël, Amélie, Dugger, Katie M., Ballard, Grant, Ainley, David G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-07-2009; Blackwell Publishing; Blackwell Publishing Ltd; Blackwell; Wiley
• Subjects: Age; Animal and plant ecology; Animal ecology; Animal reproduction; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Aves; Aviculture; Biodiversity and Ecology; Biological and medical sciences; Birds; Breeding; breeding experience; breeding quality; costs of reproduction; Demography; Ecological modeling; Ecology; Environment; Environment and Society; Environmental Sciences; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Global Changes; Life Histories; Longevity; Marine biology; Marine ecology; Models, Biological; multistate mark-recapture models; Penguins; Pygoscelis adeliae; Reproduction - physiology; Sea birds; Spheniscidae - physiology; Survival analysis; trade-offs; Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution; Costs; trade-offs; multistate mark―recapture models; Longevity; costs of reproduction; Survival; breeding experience; breeding quality; Vertebrata; Reproduction; Capture recapture method; Quality; Breeding success; Environment; Models; Aves; multistate mark–recapture models
• ISSN: 0021-8790; 1365-2656
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01542.x

1. Heterogeneity in individual quality (i.e. individuals having different performance levels that are consistent throughout life) can drive the demography of iteroparous species, but quality in the context of environmental variability has rarely been evaluated. 2. We investigated the demographic responses of a long-lived seabird, the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), to contrasting environmental conditions as a function of reproductive success, breeding quality (BQ) and experience. A continuous index of BQ (BQI) was developed to reflect an individual's ability, relative to others, to produce viable offspring. 3. First, we assessed the relative importance of costs of reproduction vs. heterogeneity in quality by comparing survival and reproductive probabilities among deferred, successful and unsuccessful breeders under 'demanding' conditions using multistate capture-mark-recapture modelling. Then, we quantified the influence of BQI on adult survival among experienced breeders vs. the whole study population under both 'normal' and 'demanding' conditions. 4. Higher survival rates were exhibited by successful (74-76%) compared to unsuccessful breeders (64%); the former also more frequently reproduced successfully at year t + 1. 5. From 1997 to 2006, adult survival ranged from 64-79%, with BQI accounting for 91% of variability in the entire study population, but only 17% in experienced breeders. The weakened relationship between BQI and survival in experienced breeders supports the theory that selection during the first reproductive event accounts for a more homogeneous pool of experienced breeders. 6. No significant effect of environmental covariates on survival was evident, suggesting that what appeared to be demanding conditions were within the range that could be buffered by this species. 7. For the first time in seabirds, a quadratic relationship between adult survival and BQI showed that adult survival is shaped by both heterogeneity in quality and reproductive costs. Our study confirms that population demographic patterns are affected by factors at the individuals' level (e.g., individual quality) that are obscured at population-scale levels.