Do Infants Have a Sense of Fairness?
Two experiments examined infants' expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no parti...
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| Published in: | Psychological science Vol. 23; no. 2; pp. 196 - 204 |
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| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Los Angeles, CA
SAGE Publications
01-02-2012
Sage Publications SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC |
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| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Two experiments examined infants' expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. The infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the 2nd year of life already possess context-sensitive expectations relevant to fairness. |
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| AbstractList | Two experiments examined infants’ expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. The infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the 2nd year of life already possess context-sensitive expectations relevant to fairness. Two experiments examined infants’ expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to others. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. Infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. Infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the second year of life already possess context sensitive-expectations relevant to fairness. Two experiments examined infants' expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. The infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the 2nd year of life already possess context-sensitive expectations relevant to fairness. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Two experiments examined infants' expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. The infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the 2nd year of life already possess context-sensitive expectations relevant to fairness. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Two experiments examined infants' expectations about how an experimenter should distribute resources and rewards to other individuals. In Experiment 1, 19-month-olds expected an experimenter to divide two items equally, as opposed to unequally, between two individuals. The infants held no particular expectation when the individuals were replaced with inanimate objects, or when the experimenter simply removed covers in front of the individuals to reveal the items (instead of distributing them). In Experiment 2, 21-month-olds expected an experimenter to give a reward to each of two individuals when both had worked to complete an assigned chore, but not when one of the individuals had done all the work while the other played. The infants held this expectation only when the experimenter could determine through visual inspection who had worked and who had not. Together, these results provide converging evidence that infants in the 2nd year of life already possess context-sensitive expectations relevant to fairness. Adapted from the source document. |
| Author | Baillargeon, Renée Premack, David Sloane, Stephanie |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephanie surname: Sloane fullname: Sloane, Stephanie – sequence: 2 givenname: Renée surname: Baillargeon fullname: Baillargeon, Renée – sequence: 3 givenname: David surname: Premack fullname: Premack, David |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25590234$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258431$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2012 Association for Psychological Science Association for Psychological Science 2012 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC. Feb 2012 |
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| References | Dupoux, Jacob 2007; 9 Tsutsu 2010; 81 Haidt 2008; 3 Hook, Cook 1979; 86 Ugurel-Semin 1952; 47 Thomson, Jones 2005; 139 Damon 1975; 46 Haidt 2001; 108 Thompson, Barresi, Moore 1997; 12 Olson, Spelke 2008; 108 LoBue, Nishida, Chiong, DeLoache, Haidt 2011; 20 Peterson, Peterson, McDonald 1975; 46 Moore 2009; 20 Rochat, Dias, Liping, Broesch, Passos-Ferreira, Winning, Berg 2009; 40 McCrink, Bloom, Santos 2010; 13 Fehr, Bernhard, Rockenbach 2008; 454 Enright, Franklin, Manheim 1980; 16 Gummerum, Hanoch, Keller, Parsons, Hummel 2010; 31 Mikhail 2007; 11 Sigmund, Fehr, Novak 2002; 286 16097274 - J Psychol. 2005 Jul;139(4):349-67 18756249 - Nature. 2008 Aug 28;454(7208):1079-83 20121861 - Dev Sci. 2010 Jan 1;13(1):37-45 20845725 - Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 2010 Aug;81(3):201-9 17662643 - Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Sep;11(9):373-8 18226808 - Cognition. 2008 Jul;108(1):222-31 11799620 - Sci Am. 2002 Jan;286(1):82-7 17329147 - Trends Cogn Sci. 2007 Apr;11(4):143-52 14937990 - J Abnorm Psychol. 1952 Apr;47(2 Suppl.):463-74 26158671 - Perspect Psychol Sci. 2008 Jan;3(1):65-72 11699120 - Psychol Rev. 2001 Oct;108(4):814-34 19515118 - Psychol Sci. 2009 Aug;20(8):944-8 Dwyer S. (bibr4-0956797611422072) 2006 bibr23-0956797611422072 bibr6-0956797611422072 bibr28-0956797611422072 bibr15-0956797611422072 Turiel E. (bibr29-0956797611422072) 2006 bibr19-0956797611422072 bibr14-0956797611422072 bibr7-0956797611422072 bibr1-0956797611422072 bibr27-0956797611422072 bibr10-0956797611422072 Sripada C. (bibr25-0956797611422072) 2006 Fiske A. P. (bibr8-0956797611422072) 1991 bibr11-0956797611422072 bibr16-0956797611422072 bibr20-0956797611422072 bibr2-0956797611422072 bibr24-0956797611422072 bibr17-0956797611422072 bibr9-0956797611422072 Premack D. (bibr21-0956797611422072) 2007 bibr12-0956797611422072 bibr3-0956797611422072 bibr30-0956797611422072 Premack D. (bibr22-0956797611422072) 2003 bibr18-0956797611422072 bibr26-0956797611422072 bibr13-0956797611422072 Eisenberg N. (bibr5-0956797611422072) 2006 |
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| Title | Do Infants Have a Sense of Fairness? |
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