Poised for a dividend? Changes in the life trajectories of India's young women over the past two decades

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 15; no. 12; p. e0242876
• Main Authors: Joshi, Shareen, Borkotoky, Kakoli, Gautam, Abhishek, Datta, Nitin, Achyut, Pranita, Nanda, Priya, Verma, Ravi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 28-12-2020; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Age; Birth control; Children & youth; Community participation; Contraception; Decisions; Demography; Education; Educational attainment; Educational Status; Employment; Employment - statistics & numerical data; Female; Fertility; Forecasts and trends; Humans; India; Labor; Labor force; Marriage; Marriage - statistics & numerical data; Medicine and Health Sciences; Participation; People and Places; Population; Religion; Religious groups; Research and Analysis Methods; Secondary schools; Social aspects; Social Class; Social Sciences; Womens health; Young Adult; Young women; India; Asia
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242876

This paper examines recent changes in the life trajectories of Indian women. We use data from four major national population surveys that span the years 1998-2016. We look at several cohorts of women across the states and regions. We compare decisions related to education, marriage, childbearing and participation in the labor force. Though there is considerable diversity across states and regions, as well as religious groups, we find some consistent patterns that emerge everywhere. First, educational attainment and the age at marriage have been steadily increasing. Women who do not complete secondary school are more likely to marry early. Second, caste and religion (rather than education) play a significant role in decisions after marriage, such as the timing of births, the use of contraception and labor force participation. Third, women from disadvantaged communities continue to have very different life trajectories than other social groups. They are more likely to use contraception and participate in the labor force. Lower levels of schooling also appear to exacerbate the disadvantages of social identity. The pace of these changes varies sharply across states as well as regions of the country.