Underestimated biodiversity as a major explanation for the perceived rich secondary metabolite capacity of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya

Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial...

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Published in:	Environmental microbiology Vol. 13; no. 6; pp. 1601 - 1610
Main Authors:	Engene, Niclas, Choi, Hyukjae, Esquenazi, Eduardo, Rottacker, Erin C, Ellisman, Mark H, Dorrestein, Pieter C, Gerwick, William H
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-06-2011
Subjects:	algal blooms bacteria Bacterial Proteins - biosynthesis Bacterial Proteins - genetics Base Sequence biochemical pathways Biodiversity Biological Products - biosynthesis Biosynthetic Pathways chemotaxonomy Cyanobacteria - classification Cyanobacteria - genetics Cyanobacteria - metabolism environmental factors Genes, Bacterial habitats Lyngbya mass spectrometry Molecular Sequence Data Netherlands Antilles Phylogeny screening secondary metabolites taxonomic revisions Netherlands Antilles
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Abstract	Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya. Specimens of Lyngbya from various environmental habitats around Curaçao were analysed for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites by genetic screening of their biosynthetic pathways. The presence of biosynthetic pathways was compared with the production of corresponding metabolites by LC-ESI-MS² and MALDI-TOF-MS. The comparison of biosynthetic capacity and actual metabolite production revealed no evidence of genetic silencing in response to environmental conditions. On a cellular level, the metabolic origin of the detected metabolites was pinpointed to the cyanobacteria, rather than the sheath-associated heterotrophic bacteria, by MALDI-TOF-MS and multiple displacement amplification of single cells. Finally, the traditional morphology-based taxonomic identifications of these Lyngbya populations were combined with their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, polyphyly of morphologically similar cyanobacteria was identified as the major explanation for the perceived chemical richness of the genus Lyngbya, a result which further underscores the need to revise the taxonomy of this group of biomedically important cyanobacteria.
AbstractList	Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya. Specimens of Lyngbya from various environmental habitats around Curaçao were analysed for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites by genetic screening of their biosynthetic pathways. The presence of biosynthetic pathways was compared with the production of corresponding metabolites by LC-ESI-MS² and MALDI-TOF-MS. The comparison of biosynthetic capacity and actual metabolite production revealed no evidence of genetic silencing in response to environmental conditions. On a cellular level, the metabolic origin of the detected metabolites was pinpointed to the cyanobacteria, rather than the sheath-associated heterotrophic bacteria, by MALDI-TOF-MS and multiple displacement amplification of single cells. Finally, the traditional morphology-based taxonomic identifications of these Lyngbya populations were combined with their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, polyphyly of morphologically similar cyanobacteria was identified as the major explanation for the perceived chemical richness of the genus Lyngbya, a result which further underscores the need to revise the taxonomy of this group of biomedically important cyanobacteria. Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya . Specimens of Lyngbya from various environmental habitats around Curaçao were analyzed for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites by genetic screening of their biosynthetic pathways. The presence of biosynthetic pathways was compared with the production of corresponding metabolites by LC-ESI-MS 2 and MALDI-TOF-MS. The comparison of biosynthetic capacity and actual metabolite production revealed no evidence of genetic silencing in response to environmental conditions. On a cellular level, the metabolic origin of the detected metabolites was pinpointed to the cyanobacteria, rather than the sheath-associated heterotrophic bacteria, by MALDI-TOF-MS and multiple displacement amplification of single-cells. Finally, the traditional morphology-based taxonomic identifications of these Lyngbya populations were combined with their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, polyphyly of morphologically similar cyanobacteria was identified as the major explanation for the perceived chemical richness of the genus Lyngbya , a result which further underscores the need to revise the taxonomy of this group of biomedically important cyanobacteria. Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya . Specimens of Lyngbya from various environmental habitats around Curaçao were analysed for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites by genetic screening of their biosynthetic pathways. The presence of biosynthetic pathways was compared with the production of corresponding metabolites by LC‐ESI‐MS 2 and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. The comparison of biosynthetic capacity and actual metabolite production revealed no evidence of genetic silencing in response to environmental conditions. On a cellular level, the metabolic origin of the detected metabolites was pinpointed to the cyanobacteria, rather than the sheath‐associated heterotrophic bacteria, by MALDI‐TOF‐MS and multiple displacement amplification of single cells. Finally, the traditional morphology‐based taxonomic identifications of these Lyngbya populations were combined with their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, polyphyly of morphologically similar cyanobacteria was identified as the major explanation for the perceived chemical richness of the genus Lyngbya , a result which further underscores the need to revise the taxonomy of this group of biomedically important cyanobacteria. Summary Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya. Specimens of Lyngbya from various environmental habitats around Curaçao were analysed for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites by genetic screening of their biosynthetic pathways. The presence of biosynthetic pathways was compared with the production of corresponding metabolites by LC‐ESI‐MS2 and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. The comparison of biosynthetic capacity and actual metabolite production revealed no evidence of genetic silencing in response to environmental conditions. On a cellular level, the metabolic origin of the detected metabolites was pinpointed to the cyanobacteria, rather than the sheath‐associated heterotrophic bacteria, by MALDI‐TOF‐MS and multiple displacement amplification of single cells. Finally, the traditional morphology‐based taxonomic identifications of these Lyngbya populations were combined with their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, polyphyly of morphologically similar cyanobacteria was identified as the major explanation for the perceived chemical richness of the genus Lyngbya, a result which further underscores the need to revise the taxonomy of this group of biomedically important cyanobacteria.
Author	Gerwick, William H. Choi, Hyukjae Esquenazi, Eduardo Dorrestein, Pieter C. Engene, Niclas Ellisman, Mark H. Rottacker, Erin C.
AuthorAffiliation	2 Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 1 Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 4 Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 3 National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 5 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – name: 2 Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – name: 1 Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – name: 5 Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA – name: 4 Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Snippet	Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising... Summary Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of...
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SubjectTerms	algal blooms bacteria Bacterial Proteins - biosynthesis Bacterial Proteins - genetics Base Sequence biochemical pathways Biodiversity Biological Products - biosynthesis Biosynthetic Pathways chemotaxonomy Cyanobacteria - classification Cyanobacteria - genetics Cyanobacteria - metabolism environmental factors Genes, Bacterial habitats Lyngbya mass spectrometry Molecular Sequence Data Netherlands Antilles Phylogeny screening secondary metabolites taxonomic revisions
Title	Underestimated biodiversity as a major explanation for the perceived rich secondary metabolite capacity of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya
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