What Is Natural? The Need for a Long-Term Perspective in Biodiversity Conservation

• Published in: Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Vol. 314; no. 5803; pp. 1261 - 1265
• Main Authors: Willis, K.J, Birks, H.J.B
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington, DC American Association for the Advancement of Science 24-11-2006; The American Association for the Advancement of Science
• Subjects: Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Applied ecology; Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Biological and medical sciences; Climate; Climate change; Conservation; Conservation biology; Conservation of Natural Resources; Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife; Ecosystem; Environmental conservation; Environmental degradation: ecosystems survey and restoration; Fires; Forest & brush fires; Forest conservation; Fossils; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Habitat conservation; Invasive species; Paleoclimatology; Paleoecology; Paleontology; Plants; Population Dynamics; Review; Time; Trees; Wetlands; Wildlife conservation; Invasive species; Ecosystem; Variability; Global change; Vegetation fire; Change; Biodiversity; Environmental monitoring; Paleoecology; Long term; Climate modification; Environmental protection
• ISSN: 0036-8075; 1095-9203
• DOI: 10.1126/science.1122667

Ecosystems change in response to factors such as climate variability, invasions, and wildfires. Most records used to assess such change are based on short-term ecological data or satellite imagery spanning only a few decades. In many instances it is impossible to disentangle natural variability from other, potentially significant trends in these records, partly because of their short time scale. We summarize recent studies that show how paleoecological records can be used to provide a longer temporal perspective to address specific conservation issues relating to biological invasions, wildfires, climate change, and determination of natural variability. The use of such records can reduce much of the uncertainty surrounding the question of what is "natural" and thereby start to provide important guidance for long-term management and conservation.