Longitudinal assessment of anti-PGL-I serology in contacts of leprosy patients in Bangladesh

• Published in: PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 11; no. 12; p. e0006083
• Main Authors: Richardus, Renate A, van der Zwet, Konrad, van Hooij, Anouk, Wilson, Louis, Oskam, Linda, Faber, Roel, van den Eeden, Susan J F, Pahan, David, Alam, Khorshed, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Geluk, Annemieke
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 11-12-2017; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Analysis; Antibodies; Bacteria; Biological markers; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomarkers; Blood; Detection; Diagnosis; Diagnostic systems; Diagnostic tests; Diseases; ELISA; Elution; Engineering and Technology; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Filter paper; Funding; Health risks; Health screening; Immunoglobulins; Infectious diseases; Leprosy; Levels; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mycobacterium leprae; Patients; People and Places; Phenolic compounds; Phenols; Public health; Reduction; Research and Analysis Methods; Risk factors; Serology; Systematic review; Transmission; Tropical diseases; Bangladesh
• ISSN: 1935-2735; 1935-2727; 1935-2735
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006083

Despite elimination efforts, the number of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infected individuals who develop leprosy, is still substantial. Solid evidence exists that individuals living in close proximity to patients are at increased risk to develop leprosy. Early diagnosis of leprosy in endemic areas requires field-friendly tests that identify individuals at risk of developing the disease before clinical manifestation. Such assays will simultaneously contribute to reduction of current diagnostic delay as well as transmission. Antibody (Ab) levels directed against the M.leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) represents a surrogate marker for bacterial load. However, it is insufficiently defined whether anti-PGL-I antibodies can be utilized as prognostic biomarkers for disease in contacts. Particularly, in Bangladesh, where paucibacillary (PB) patients form the majority of leprosy cases, anti-PGL-I serology is an inadequate method for leprosy screening in contacts as a directive for prophylactic treatment.
Between 2002 and 2009, fingerstick blood from leprosy patients' contacts without clinical signs of disease from a field-trial in Bangladesh was collected on filter paper at three time points covering six years of follow-up per person. Analysis of anti-PGL-I Ab levels for 25 contacts who developed leprosy during follow-up and 199 contacts who were not diagnosed with leprosy, was performed by ELISA after elution of bloodspots from filter paper.
Anti-PGL-I Ab levels at intake did not significantly differ between contacts who developed leprosy during the study and those who remained free of disease. Moreover, anti-PGL-I serology was not prognostic in this population as no significant correlation was identified between anti-PGL-I Ab levels at intake and the onset of leprosy.
In this highly endemic population in Bangladesh, no association was observed between anti-PGL-I Ab levels and onset of disease, urging the need for an extended, more specific biomarker signature for early detection of leprosy in this area.
ClinicalTrials.gov ISRCTN61223447.