Sexual selection explains Rensch's rule of allometry for sexual size dimorphism

In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as 'Rensch's rule'. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do...

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Published in:	Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological sciences Vol. 274; no. 1628; pp. 2971 - 2979
Main Authors:	Dale, James, Dunn, Peter O, Figuerola, Jordi, Lislevand, Terje, Székely, Tamás, Whittingham, Linda A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London The Royal Society 07-12-2007
Subjects:	Allometry Animal wings Animals Biological Evolution Birds Birds - anatomy & histology Birds - physiology Evolution Female Female animals Male Male animals Mating behavior Mating Preference, Animal Mating System Models, Biological Nesting Behavior Phylogenetics Rensch's Rule Sex Characteristics Sexual Selection Sexual Size Dimorphism Statistical discrepancies
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Abstract	In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as 'Rensch's rule'. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size.
AbstractList	In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as 'Rensch's rule'. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size. In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as ‘Rensch's rule’. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size. In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as 'Rensch's rule'. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size.In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental allometric relationship is now commonly referred to as 'Rensch's rule'. However, despite numerous recent studies, we still do not have a general explanation for this allometry. Here we report that patterns of allometry in over 5300 bird species demonstrate that Rensch's rule is driven by a correlated evolutionary change in females to directional sexual selection on males. First, in detailed multivariate analysis, the strength of sexual selection was, by far, the strongest predictor of allometry. This was found to be the case even after controlling for numerous potential confounding factors, such as overall size, degree of ornamentation, phylogenetic history and the range and degree of size dimorphism. Second, in groups where sexual selection is stronger in females, allometry consistently goes in the opposite direction to Rensch's rule. Taken together, these results provide the first clear solution to the long-standing evolutionary problem of allometry for sexual size dimorphism: sexual selection causes size dimorphism to correlate with species size.
Author	Figuerola, Jordi Lislevand, Terje Székely, Tamás Whittingham, Linda A Dale, James Dunn, Peter O
AuthorAffiliation	3 Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Apartado 1056, 41013 Sevilla, Spain 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA 4 Bergen Museum, Department of Natural History, University of Bergen Muséplass 3, 5007 Bergen, Norway 1 Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology PO Box 1564, 82305 Starnberg (Seewiesen), Germany 5 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY, UK
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 3 Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Apartado 1056, 41013 Sevilla, Spain – name: 5 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY, UK – name: 1 Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology PO Box 1564, 82305 Starnberg (Seewiesen), Germany – name: 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA – name: 4 Bergen Museum, Department of Natural History, University of Bergen Muséplass 3, 5007 Bergen, Norway
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: James surname: Dale fullname: Dale, James email: dale@orn.mpg.de organization: Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for OrnithologyPO Box 1564, 82305 Starnberg (Seewiesen), Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Peter O surname: Dunn fullname: Dunn, Peter O organization: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeePO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Jordi surname: Figuerola fullname: Figuerola, Jordi organization: Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1056, 41013 Sevilla, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Terje surname: Lislevand fullname: Lislevand, Terje organization: Bergen Museum, Department of Natural History, University of BergenMuséplass 3, 5007 Bergen, Norway – sequence: 5 givenname: Tamás surname: Székely fullname: Székely, Tamás organization: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of BathBath BA2 7AY, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Linda A surname: Whittingham fullname: Whittingham, Linda A organization: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeePO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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References_xml	– start-page: 468 volume-title: Assembling the tree of life year: 2004 ident: e_1_3_2_14_1 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195172348.003.0028 contributor: fullname: Cracraft J – ident: e_1_3_2_22_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_36_1 doi: 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3v3r – ident: e_1_3_2_40_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01158.x – ident: e_1_3_2_30_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_5_1 doi: 10.1007/BF00572678 – ident: e_1_3_2_7_1 doi: 10.1086/510597 – volume: 1 start-page: 58 year: 1950 ident: e_1_3_2_35_1 article-title: Die Abhängigkeit der relativen Sexualdifferenz von der Körpergrösse publication-title: Bonn. Zool. Beitr contributor: fullname: Rensch B – ident: e_1_3_2_33_1 doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.06.013 – ident: e_1_3_2_28_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_23_1 doi: 10.1017/S1464793106007044 – ident: e_1_3_2_2_1 doi: 10.1086/286004 – ident: e_1_3_2_10_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_11_1 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3458 – ident: e_1_3_2_27_1 doi: 10.1890/06-2054 – ident: e_1_3_2_12_1 doi: 10.1086/303406 – ident: e_1_3_2_18_1 doi: 10.1086/284325 – ident: e_1_3_2_38_1 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404503101 – ident: e_1_3_2_26_1 doi: 10.1007/BF02693740 – ident: e_1_3_2_42_1 doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2931 – ident: e_1_3_2_16_1 doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01281.x – ident: e_1_3_2_21_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02313.x – ident: e_1_3_2_15_1 – ident: e_1_3_2_24_1 doi: 10.1007/s10682-005-0293-9 – ident: e_1_3_2_39_1 doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0004 – ident: e_1_3_2_6_1 doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01838.x – volume: 33 start-page: 1 year: 1984 ident: e_1_3_2_32_1 article-title: Sexual selection, lek and arena behaviour, and sexual size dimorphism in birds publication-title: Ornithol. Monogr contributor: fullname: Payne R.B – ident: e_1_3_2_9_1 doi: 10.1038/269797a0 – ident: e_1_3_2_31_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00940.x – ident: e_1_3_2_19_1 doi: 10.1080/106351599260139 – ident: e_1_3_2_20_1 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198546412.001.0001 – ident: e_1_3_2_4_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00752.x – ident: e_1_3_2_17_1 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.659 – ident: e_1_3_2_41_1 doi: 10.1007/BF02984213 – ident: e_1_3_2_34_1 doi: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00276.x – volume: 98 start-page: 681 year: 1981 ident: e_1_3_2_13_1 article-title: Toward a phylogenetic classification of the recent birds of the world (class Aves) publication-title: Auk contributor: fullname: Cracraft J – ident: e_1_3_2_37_1 doi: 10.1016/0003-3472(77)90062-8 – ident: e_1_3_2_25_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04817.x – ident: e_1_3_2_3_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01796.x – ident: e_1_3_2_8_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00081.x – ident: e_1_3_2_29_1
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Snippet	In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental... In 1950, Rensch first described that in groups of related species, sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in larger species. This widespread and fundamental...
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SubjectTerms	Allometry Animal wings Animals Biological Evolution Birds Birds - anatomy & histology Birds - physiology Evolution Female Female animals Male Male animals Mating behavior Mating Preference, Animal Mating System Models, Biological Nesting Behavior Phylogenetics Rensch's Rule Sex Characteristics Sexual Selection Sexual Size Dimorphism Statistical discrepancies
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Title	Sexual selection explains Rensch's rule of allometry for sexual size dimorphism
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