Mitigating the Combined Distributional Consequences of the Georgia Lottery for Education and the HOPE Scholarship

Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities ob...

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Published in:	Social science quarterly Vol. 86; no. 3; pp. 746 - 758
Main Authors:	Campbell, Noel, Finney, R. Zachary
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing 01-09-2005 Blackwell Southwestern Social Science Association Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Series:	Social Science Quarterly
Subjects:	African Americans Allocation Censuses Costs Distribution Education Educational Inequality Educational Opportunities Enrollments Ethnic minorities Fellowships and Scholarships Funding Georgia (State) Grade inflation High school students Households Income Income Distribution Income redistribution Inequality Lobbying Lotteries Low Income Groups Merit scholarships Mustards Of General Interest Population density Quality standards Regression analysis SAT assessment Scholarship funds Scholarships Scholarships & fellowships School districts Secondary schools Social sciences Sociology Sociology of education. Educational systems. Lifelong education Standardized tests Students Taxation Taxes Time series Tuition U.S.A USA United States Of America United States > US Georgia Grade Redistribution Reform Schooling Financial aid
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Abstract	Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed-effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996-2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income-redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism.
AbstractList	Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. We use fixed-effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996-2002). Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. We conclude the income-redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Copyright (c) 2005 by the Southwestern Social Science Association. Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed-effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996 - 2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income-redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document. Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower‐income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed‐effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996–2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income‐redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower‐income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed‐effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996–2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income‐redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed-effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996-2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income-redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed-effects regression and a sample of Georgia's counties (1996-2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income-redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in grading standards may mitigate the observed income redistribution. Our objective is to determine whether certain localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Method. We use fixed-effects regression & a sample of Georgia's counties (1996 2002). Results. Our results indicate that some localities obtain more HOPE scholarships than expected, mitigating the observed redistribution. Conclusions. We conclude the income-redistribution research result does not reveal a complete picture because it overlooks the HOPE scholarship's extraordinary allocation mechanism. 4 Tables, 15 References. Adapted from the source document.
Author	Campbell, Noel Finney, R. Zachary
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Notes	Direct correspondence to Noel Campbell, Department of Business Administration, North Georgia College & State University, 100 College St., Dahlonega, GA 30597 〈ndcampbell@ugcsu.edu〉. On request, the named author will provide all data and coding information to those wishing to replicate the study. The authors thank Georgia's Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development for allowing the authors access to their data. They also thank John Charles Bradbury, Angeline Close, and Edward Lopez for comments on earlier drafts, and the anonymous referees. All remaining errors are the authors' fault. ArticleID:SSQU327 ark:/67375/WNG-KXMNSN8F-L istex:4F802A1085ED13F0A44105247468F1BBC06E2D16 On request, the named author will provide all data and coding information to those wishing to replicate the study. The authors thank Georgia's Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development for allowing the authors access to their data. They also thank John Charles Bradbury, Angeline Close, and Edward Lopez for comments on earlier drafts, and the anonymous referees. All remaining errors are the authors' fault. * ndcampbell@ugcsu.edu Direct correspondence to Noel Campbell, Department of Business Administration, North Georgia College & State University, 100 College St., Dahlonega, GA 30597 ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2
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References	Oakes, J., and A. S. Wells. 1998. "Detracking for High Student Achievement. Educational Leadership 55 (6): 38-42. Dee, T. S., and L. Jackson. 1999. "Who Loses HOPE? Attrition from Georgia's College Scholarship Program. Southern Economic Journal 66: 379-90. McCrary, J., and T. J. Pavlak. 2002. "Education, Income, and Race Influence Lottery Play in Georgia. Carl Vinson Institute of Government Public Policy Research Series 3 (10). Bradbury, J. C., and N. D. Campbell. 2003. "Local Lobbying for State Grants: Evidence from Georgia's HOPE Scholarship. Public Finance Review 31: 367-91. Becker, G. 1983. "A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 98: 371-400. Henry, G. T., and R. Rubenstein. 2002. "Paying for Grades: Impacts of Merit-Based Financial Aid on Educational Quality. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 21: 93-109. Jones, A., and M. Kempner. 2003. "Expansion Strains HOPE, Threatens Subsidy's Future. Atlanta Journal-Constitution November 9: A1+. Oakes, J. 1987. "Tracking in Secondary Schools: A Contextual Perspective. Educational Psychologist 21: 129-54. Boatwright, S. R., and D. C. Bachtel. Various issues. The Georgia County Guide. Athens, GA: Center for Agribusiness and Economic Development, University of Georgia. Rubenstein, R., and B. P. Scafidi. 2002. "Who Pays and Who Benefits? Examining the Distributional Consequences of the Georgia Lottery for Education. National Tax Journal 55: 223-38. 1987; 21 2001 2000 2002; 21 2002; 55 1983; 98 1999; 66 2002; 3 2004 2003 2002 2003; 31 1998; 55 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 Oakes J. (e_1_2_7_15_1) 1998; 55 e_1_2_7_16_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 Boatwright S. R. (e_1_2_7_3_1) e_1_2_7_11_1 McCrary J. (e_1_2_7_13_1) 2002; 3 e_1_2_7_10_1 Cornwell C. M. (e_1_2_7_6_1) 2002 Jones A. (e_1_2_7_12_1) 2003
References_xml	– start-page: 59 year: 2002 end-page: 72 – volume: 66 start-page: 379 year: 1999 end-page: 90 article-title: Who Loses HOPE? Attrition from Georgia's College Scholarship Program publication-title: Southern Economic Journal – year: 2001 – volume: 21 start-page: 93 year: 2002 end-page: 109 article-title: Paying for Grades: Impacts of Merit‐Based Financial Aid on Educational Quality publication-title: Journal of Policy Analysis and Management – year: 2004 – volume: 55 start-page: 223 year: 2002 end-page: 38 article-title: Who Pays and Who Benefits? Examining the Distributional Consequences of the Georgia Lottery for Education publication-title: National Tax Journal – year: 2000 – volume: 3 issue: (10) year: 2002 article-title: Education, Income, and Race Influence Lottery Play in Georgia publication-title: Carl Vinson Institute of Government Public Policy Research Series – volume: 55 start-page: 38 issue: (6) year: 1998 end-page: 42 article-title: Detracking for High Student Achievement. publication-title: Educational Leadership – start-page: A1+ year: 2003 article-title: Expansion Strains HOPE, Threatens Subsidy's Future publication-title: Atlanta Journal-Constitution – volume: 31 start-page: 367 year: 2003 end-page: 91 article-title: Local Lobbying for State Grants: Evidence from Georgia's HOPE Scholarship publication-title: Public Finance Review – volume: 21 start-page: 129 year: 1987 end-page: 54 article-title: Tracking in Secondary Schools publication-title: Educational Psychologist – volume: 98 start-page: 371 year: 1983 end-page: 400 article-title: A Theory of Competition Among Pressure Groups for Political Influence publication-title: Quarterly Journal of Economics – volume: 55 start-page: 38 issue: 6 year: 1998 ident: e_1_2_7_15_1 article-title: Detracking for High Student Achievement. publication-title: Educational Leadership contributor: fullname: Oakes J. – ident: e_1_2_7_5_1 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.277313 – ident: e_1_2_7_8_1 doi: 10.3386/w7756 – start-page: A1+ year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_7_12_1 article-title: Expansion Strains HOPE, Threatens Subsidy's Future publication-title: Atlanta Journal-Constitution contributor: fullname: Jones A. – ident: e_1_2_7_16_1 doi: 10.17310/ntj.2002.2.02 – ident: e_1_2_7_11_1 – ident: e_1_2_7_10_1 doi: 10.1002/pam.1042 – start-page: 59 volume-title: Who Should We Help? The Negative Social Consequences of Merit Scholarships year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_7_6_1 contributor: fullname: Cornwell C. M. – ident: e_1_2_7_4_1 doi: 10.1177/1091142103031004002 – ident: e_1_2_7_2_1 doi: 10.2307/1886017 – ident: e_1_2_7_14_1 doi: 10.1207/s15326985ep2202_3 – ident: e_1_2_7_9_1 – volume: 3 issue: 10 year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_7_13_1 article-title: Education, Income, and Race Influence Lottery Play in Georgia publication-title: Carl Vinson Institute of Government Public Policy Research Series contributor: fullname: McCrary J. – volume-title: The Georgia County Guide ident: e_1_2_7_3_1 contributor: fullname: Boatwright S. R. – ident: e_1_2_7_7_1 doi: 10.1002/j.2325-8012.1999.tb00253.x
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Snippet	Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local... Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower‐income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local... Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower-income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local disparities in... Objective. Research demonstrates that nonwhite, lower‐income households bear the Georgia Lottery's tax burden, yet receive fewer benefits. However, local...
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SubjectTerms	African Americans Allocation Censuses Costs Distribution Education Educational Inequality Educational Opportunities Enrollments Ethnic minorities Fellowships and Scholarships Funding Georgia (State) Grade inflation High school students Households Income Income Distribution Income redistribution Inequality Lobbying Lotteries Low Income Groups Merit scholarships Mustards Of General Interest Population density Quality standards Regression analysis SAT assessment Scholarship funds Scholarships Scholarships & fellowships School districts Secondary schools Social sciences Sociology Sociology of education. Educational systems. Lifelong education Standardized tests Students Taxation Taxes Time series Tuition U.S.A USA
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Title	Mitigating the Combined Distributional Consequences of the Georgia Lottery for Education and the HOPE Scholarship
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