Combined effect of daily physical activity and social relationships on sleep disorder among older adults: cross-sectional and longitudinal study based on data from the Kasama study

• Published in: BMC geriatrics Vol. 21; no. 1; pp. 1 - 623
• Main Authors: Seol, Jaehoon, Lee, Jaehee, Nagata, Koki, Fujii, Yuya, Joho, Kaya, Tateoka, Korin, Inoue, Taiki, Liu, Jue, Okura, Tomohiro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London BioMed Central Ltd 03-11-2021; BioMed Central; BMC
• Subjects: Aged; Cognitive ability; Depression; Exercise; Geriatrics; Health aspects; Inactive; Insomnia; Interpersonal relations; Longitudinal studies; Mental depression; Older people; Pain; Physical activity; Physical fitness; Psychological aspects; Regression analysis; Risk factors; Sleep; Sleep disorders; Social aspects; Social isolation; Social organization; Japan
• ISSN: 1471-2318; 1471-2318
• DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02589-w

Abstract
Background
This study investigated whether daily physical activity of older adults, combined with social relationships, is associated with the risk of sleep disorder. Further, it determined whether a high level of one variable with a low level of the other, leads to a significantly lower risk of sleep disorder than low levels of both.
Methods
The sample comprised 1339 community-dwelling older Japanese adults: 988 in Study 1 and 351 in Study 2. The level of daily physical activity and range of social relationships were assessed using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly and the Lubben Social Network Scale, respectively. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep disorder. To test the combined relationships and effects in Studies 1 and 2, the medians for the respective scores of each of the following four groups that the participants were categorized into, were calculated: (1) low activity group with low social relationships, (2) low activity group with high social relationships, (3) high activity group with low social relationships, and (4) high activity group with high social relationships. After adjusting for potential confounders, a logistic regression analysis was conducted in Study 1. After adjusting for potential confounders, a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted in Study 2.
Results
Study 1 revealed that the high activity group with high social relationships showed a significantly lower risk of sleep disorder (ORs: 0.585, 95% CI: 0.404–0.847) than the low activity group with low social relationships. Study 2 also revealed that the high activity group with high social relationships showed a significantly lower prevalence of sleep disorder (HRs: 0.564, 95% CI: 0.327–0.974) than the low activity group with low social relationships.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that for older adults with high social relationships, being physically active is favorably associated with sleep quality. However, a high level of one variable with a low level of the other has not been confirmed in improving sleep quality among older adults.