Episiotomy characteristics and risks for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a case-control study

• Published in: BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Vol. 119; no. 6; pp. 724 - 730
• Main Authors: Stedenfeldt, M, Pirhonen, J, Blix, E, Wilsgaard, T, Vonen, B, Øian, P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-05-2012; Blackwell; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc; Blackwell Science Ltd
• Subjects: Adult; Anal Canal - injuries; Biological and medical sciences; Case-Control Studies; Childbirth & labor; Clinical medical disciplines: 750; Delivery. Postpartum. Lactation; Episiotomy; Episiotomy - adverse effects; Episiotomy - methods; episiotomy technique; Female; General Obstetrics; Gynecology and obstetrics: 756; Gynecology. Andrology. Obstetrics; Gynekologi og obstetrikk: 756; Humans; Injuries; Klinisk medisinske fag: 750; Medical disciplines: 700; Medical sciences; Medisinske Fag: 700; obstetric anal sphincter injuries; Obstetric Labor Complications - etiology; Obstetric Labor Complications - surgery; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Surgical techniques; vaginal birth; VDP; Norway; Pregnancy; Episiotomy; Characteristics; Gynecology; Risk factor; Delivery; Case control study; Obstetrics; Anal sphincter
• ISSN: 1470-0328; 1471-0528
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03293.x

Please cite this paper as: Stedenfeldt M, Pirhonen J, Blix E, Wilsgaard T, Vonen B, Øian P. Episiotomy characteristics and risks for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a case‐control study. BJOG 2012;119:724–730.
Objectives  To investigate the association between the geometrical properties of episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) because episiotomies angled at 40–60° are associated with fewer OASIS than episiotomies with more acute angles.
Design  Case–control study.
Setting  University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø and Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.
Sample  Seventy‐four women who had one vaginal birth and episiotomy. Cases (n = 37) have sustained OASIS at birth, while controls (n = 37) had not. The groups were matched for instrumental delivery.
Methods  Two groups of women with history of only one vaginal birth were compared. Episiotomy scar was identified and photographed and relevant measures were taken. Data were analysed using conditional logistic analysis.
Main outcome measures  Mean episiotomy angle, length, depth, incision point.
Results  The risk of sustaining OASIS decreased by 70% (odds ratio [OR] 0.30; 95% CI 0.14–0.66) for each 5.5‐mm increase in episiotomy depth, decreased by 56% (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.23–0.86) for each 4.5‐mm increase in the distance from the midline to the incision point of the episiotomy, and decreased by 75% (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.10–0.61) for each 5.5‐mm increase in episiotomy length. Lastly, there was no difference in mean angle between groups but there was a “U‐shaped” association between angle and OASIS (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.02–4.28) with an increased risk (OR 9.00; 95% CI 1.1–71.0) of OASIS when the angle was either smaller than 15°or >60°.
Conclusion  The present study showed that scarred episiotomies with depth > 16 mm, length > 17 mm, incision point > 9 mm lateral of midpoint and angle range 30–60° are significantly associated with less risk of OASIS. Shrinkage of tissue must be considered.