PID control system analysis, design, and technology

• Published in: IEEE transactions on control systems technology Vol. 13; no. 4; pp. 559 - 576
• Main Authors: Kiam Heong Ang, Chong, G., Yun Li
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01-07-2005; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Applied sciences; Automatic control; Computer science; control theory; systems; Computer simulation; Control system analysis; Control system synthesis; Control systems; Control theory. Systems; Design engineering; Exact sciences and technology; Hardware; Inclusions; Modules; Pi control; PID hardware; PID software; PID tuning; Proportional control; Proportional integral derivative; proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control; Software packages; Stability; System identification; Three-term control; Tuning; Productivity; Transient response; Patents; proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control; Multiobjective programming; Control synthesis; Transient stability; PID tuning; Transients; Closed feedback; PID software; System identification; Differential integral proportional control; PID hardware
• ISSN: 1063-6536; 1558-0865
• DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2005.847331

Designing and tuning a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller appears to be conceptually intuitive, but can be hard in practice, if multiple (and often conflicting) objectives such as short transient and high stability are to be achieved. Usually, initial designs obtained by all means need to be adjusted repeatedly through computer simulations until the closed-loop system performs or compromises as desired. This stimulates the development of "intelligent" tools that can assist engineers to achieve the best overall PID control for the entire operating envelope. This development has further led to the incorporation of some advanced tuning algorithms into PID hardware modules. Corresponding to these developments, this paper presents a modern overview of functionalities and tuning methods in patents, software packages and commercial hardware modules. It is seen that many PID variants have been developed in order to improve transient performance, but standardising and modularising PID control are desired, although challenging. The inclusion of system identification and "intelligent" techniques in software based PID systems helps automate the entire design and tuning process to a useful degree. This should also assist future development of "plug-and-play" PID controllers that are widely applicable and can be set up easily and operate optimally for enhanced productivity, improved quality and reduced maintenance requirements.