Ultra-Small Silver Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Green Synthesis Approach for Antibacterial Activity

The present study centers on the synthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties using citrus peel residues (orange, lemon, and grapefruit) as reducing and stabilizing agents, and on assessing their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical . The...

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Published in:	Antibiotics (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 3; p. 574
Main Authors:	Castañeda-Aude, Javier Emanuel, Morones-Ramírez, José Rubén, De Haro-Del Río, David Alejandro, León-Buitimea, Angel, Barriga-Castro, Enrique Díaz, Escárcega-González, Carlos Enrique
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01-03-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	Antibacterial activity Antibiotics Antimicrobial agents Aqueous solutions Bacteria Citrus Citrus fruits clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria Drug resistance in microorganisms Fruits Gram-positive bacteria green synthesis Metals Methicillin Minimum inhibitory concentration Multidrug resistance Nanomaterials Nanoparticles organic waste Polyphenols Residues Silver silver nanoparticles Spectrum analysis Stabilizers (agents) Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus infections Synthesis ultra-small nanoparticles Ultraviolet spectroscopy Mexico organic waste clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria ultra-small nanoparticles silver nanoparticles green synthesis
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Abstract	The present study centers on the synthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties using citrus peel residues (orange, lemon, and grapefruit) as reducing and stabilizing agents, and on assessing their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical . The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by various techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, SAED, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and Raman. The results demonstrate the formation of ultra-small, monodisperse, quasi-spherical AgNPs with an average particle size of 2.42 nm for AgNPs produced with mixed extracts. XRD analysis indicated that the AgNPs have a crystal size of 9.71 to 16.23 nm. The AgNPs exhibited potent inhibitory activity against resistant , with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.625 to 62.50 ppm. The findings suggest that the ultra-small nanometer size of the AgNPs could be attributed to the synthesis method that employs ambient conditions and the presence of polyphenolic compounds from citrus peel. Consequently, AgNPs obtained through sustainable green synthesis hold significant potential in combating clinical multi-resistant bacterial strains that are challenging to treat and eradicate. This approach also contributes to the revaluation of citrus residues in the region, which is an ongoing environmental issue today.
AbstractList	The present study centers on the synthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties using citrus peel residues (orange, lemon, and grapefruit) as reducing and stabilizing agents, and on assessing their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical Staphylococcus aureus. The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by various techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, SAED, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and Raman. The results demonstrate the formation of ultra-small, monodisperse, quasi-spherical AgNPs with an average particle size of 2.42 nm for AgNPs produced with mixed extracts. XRD analysis indicated that the AgNPs have a crystal size of 9.71 to 16.23 nm. The AgNPs exhibited potent inhibitory activity against resistant S. aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.625 to 62.50 ppm. The findings suggest that the ultra-small nanometer size of the AgNPs could be attributed to the synthesis method that employs ambient conditions and the presence of polyphenolic compounds from citrus peel. Consequently, AgNPs obtained through sustainable green synthesis hold significant potential in combating clinical multi-resistant bacterial strains that are challenging to treat and eradicate. This approach also contributes to the revaluation of citrus residues in the region, which is an ongoing environmental issue today. The present study centers on the synthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties using citrus peel residues (orange, lemon, and grapefruit) as reducing and stabilizing agents, and on assessing their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical . The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by various techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, SAED, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and Raman. The results demonstrate the formation of ultra-small, monodisperse, quasi-spherical AgNPs with an average particle size of 2.42 nm for AgNPs produced with mixed extracts. XRD analysis indicated that the AgNPs have a crystal size of 9.71 to 16.23 nm. The AgNPs exhibited potent inhibitory activity against resistant , with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.625 to 62.50 ppm. The findings suggest that the ultra-small nanometer size of the AgNPs could be attributed to the synthesis method that employs ambient conditions and the presence of polyphenolic compounds from citrus peel. Consequently, AgNPs obtained through sustainable green synthesis hold significant potential in combating clinical multi-resistant bacterial strains that are challenging to treat and eradicate. This approach also contributes to the revaluation of citrus residues in the region, which is an ongoing environmental issue today. The present study centers on the synthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties using citrus peel residues (orange, lemon, and grapefruit) as reducing and stabilizing agents, and on assessing their antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant clinical Staphylococcus aureus . The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by various techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, SAED, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and Raman. The results demonstrate the formation of ultra-small, monodisperse, quasi-spherical AgNPs with an average particle size of 2.42 nm for AgNPs produced with mixed extracts. XRD analysis indicated that the AgNPs have a crystal size of 9.71 to 16.23 nm. The AgNPs exhibited potent inhibitory activity against resistant S. aureus , with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15.625 to 62.50 ppm. The findings suggest that the ultra-small nanometer size of the AgNPs could be attributed to the synthesis method that employs ambient conditions and the presence of polyphenolic compounds from citrus peel. Consequently, AgNPs obtained through sustainable green synthesis hold significant potential in combating clinical multi-resistant bacterial strains that are challenging to treat and eradicate. This approach also contributes to the revaluation of citrus residues in the region, which is an ongoing environmental issue today.
Audience	Academic
Author	Escárcega-González, Carlos Enrique León-Buitimea, Angel Barriga-Castro, Enrique Díaz De Haro-Del Río, David Alejandro Castañeda-Aude, Javier Emanuel Morones-Ramírez, José Rubén
AuthorAffiliation	3 Centro de Investigación de Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de alba, s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico 2 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66629, Nuevo León, Mexico
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de alba, s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico – name: 2 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66629, Nuevo León, Mexico – name: 3 Centro de Investigación de Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Javier Emanuel orcidid: 0009-0004-7832-1450 surname: Castañeda-Aude fullname: Castañeda-Aude, Javier Emanuel organization: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66629, Nuevo León, Mexico – sequence: 2 givenname: José Rubén orcidid: 0000-0001-7009-686X surname: Morones-Ramírez fullname: Morones-Ramírez, José Rubén organization: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66629, Nuevo León, Mexico – sequence: 3 givenname: David Alejandro orcidid: 0000-0002-9516-9815 surname: De Haro-Del Río fullname: De Haro-Del Río, David Alejandro organization: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de alba, s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Nuevo León, Mexico – sequence: 4 givenname: Angel orcidid: 0000-0002-5686-4639 surname: León-Buitimea fullname: León-Buitimea, Angel organization: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66629, Nuevo León, Mexico – sequence: 5 givenname: Enrique Díaz surname: Barriga-Castro fullname: Barriga-Castro, Enrique Díaz organization: Centro de Investigación de Química Aplicada, Enrique Reyna H. No. 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico – sequence: 6 givenname: Carlos Enrique orcidid: 0000-0002-3762-1455 surname: Escárcega-González fullname: Escárcega-González, Carlos Enrique organization: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66629, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Keywords	organic waste clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria ultra-small nanoparticles silver nanoparticles green synthesis
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Snippet	The present study centers on the synthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties using citrus peel residues (orange, lemon,...
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SubjectTerms	Antibacterial activity Antibiotics Antimicrobial agents Aqueous solutions Bacteria Citrus Citrus fruits clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria Drug resistance in microorganisms Fruits Gram-positive bacteria green synthesis Metals Methicillin Minimum inhibitory concentration Multidrug resistance Nanomaterials Nanoparticles organic waste Polyphenols Residues Silver silver nanoparticles Spectrum analysis Stabilizers (agents) Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus infections Synthesis ultra-small nanoparticles Ultraviolet spectroscopy
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Title	Ultra-Small Silver Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Green Synthesis Approach for Antibacterial Activity
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