Innovation and entrepreneurship programs in US medical education: a landscape review and thematic analysis

• Published in: Medical education online Vol. 22; no. 1; p. 1360722
• Main Authors: Niccum, Blake A, Sarker, Arnab, Wolf, Stephen J, Trowbridge, Matthew J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Taylor & Francis 2017; Taylor & Francis Ltd; Taylor & Francis Group
• Subjects: changing healthcare system; Curriculum; design thinking; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Entrepreneurship; Health care industry; Health education; Humans; innovation; Innovations; Interdisciplinary aspects; Inventions; Leadership; Medical education; Medical schools; Medical students; Physicians; Problem solving; Problem-Based Learning; Program Evaluation; Qualitative research; Teaching; Technology; United States; Websites; United States > US; innovation; changing healthcare system; medical education; Entrepreneurship; design thinking
• ISSN: 1087-2981; 1087-2981
• DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2017.1360722

Background: Training in innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) in medical education has become increasingly prevalent among medical schools to train students in complex problem solving and solution design.
Objective: We aim to characterize I&E education in US allopathic medical schools to provide insight into the features and objectives of this growing field.
Design: I&E programs were identified in 2016 via structured searches of 158 US allopathic medical school websites. Program characteristics were identified from public program resources and structured phone interviews with program directors. Curricular themes were identified via thematic analysis of program resources, and themes referenced by >50% of programs were analyzed.
Results: Thirteen programs were identified. Programs had a median age of four years, and contained a median of 13 students. Programs were led by faculty from diverse professional backgrounds, and all awarded formal recognition to graduates. Nine programs spanned all four years of medical school and ten programs required a capstone project. Thematic analysis revealed seven educational themes (innovation, entrepreneurship, technology, leadership, healthcare systems, business of medicine, and enhanced adaptability) and two teaching method themes (active learning, interdisciplinary teaching) referenced by >50% of programs.
Conclusions: The landscape of medical school I&E programs is rapidly expanding to address newfound skills needed by physicians due to ongoing changes in healthcare, but programs remain relatively few and small compared to class size. This landscape analysis is the first review of I&E in medical education and may contribute to development of a formal educational framework or competency model for current or future programs.
Abbreviations: AAMC: American Association of Medical Colleges; AMA: American Medical Association; I&E: Innovation and entrepreneurship