Outdoor-to-Indoor Office MIMO Measurements and Analysis at 5.2 GHz

• Published in: IEEE transactions on vehicular technology Vol. 57; no. 3; pp. 1374 - 1386
• Main Authors: Wyne, S., Molisch, A.F., Almers, P., Eriksson, G., Karedal, J., Tufvesson, F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY IEEE 01-05-2008; Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Angular dispersion; Applied sciences; Arrays; Base stations; Business and industry local networks; Cellular; Cellular networks; channel sounding; Channels; Correlation; direction of arrival; direction of departure; direction-of-arrival (DOA); direction-of-departure (DOD); Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering; Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering; Electrical power engineering; Elektroteknik och elektronik; Engineering and Technology; Exact sciences and technology; Kronecker model; line-of-sight (LOS) power factor; LOS power factor; Matrices; Matrix decomposition; MIMO; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO); NATURAL SCIENCES; NATURVETENSKAP; Networks and services in france and abroad; Offices; Performance evaluation; Position measurement; Power networks and lines; Radiocommunications; Rician channels; Rician K -factor; Spreads; Stochastic models; Stochastic processes; Studies; Systems, networks and services of telecommunications; Teknik; Telecommunications; Telecommunications and information theory; Teleprocessing networks. Isdn; Transmission and modulation (techniques and equipments); Transmitters; Transmitters. Receivers; Users connections and in door installation; Virtual channel representation; virtual channel representation (VCR); Weichselberger model; Wireless communication; Wireless LAN; direction of departure; Kronecker model; Weichselberger model; Rician K-factor; LOS power factor; MIMO; channel sounding; direction of arrival; angular dispersion; Virtual channel representation; Stochastic model; Line of sight propagation; Wireless LAN; Magnetooptical effect; Parameter estimation; Angular dispersion; Base station; Wireless telecommunication; Signal estimation; Outdoor installation; Transmitter; Gaussian distribution; virtual representation (VCR); direction-of-departure (DOD); Indoor installation; Localization; Root mean square value; Antenna array; Office building; MIMO system; Correlation matrix; Transmission channel; Receiver; Measurement campaign; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO); direction- of-arrival (DOA); Transmitting antenna; Photonic crystal; Telecommunication channels; line-of-sight (LOS) power factor
• ISSN: 0018-9545; 1939-9359; 1939-9359
• DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2007.909272

The outdoor-to-indoor wireless propagation channel is of interest for cellular and wireless local area network applications. This paper presents the measurement results and analysis based on our multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) measurement campaign, which is one of the first to characterize the outdoor-to-indoor channel. The measurements were performed at 5.2 GHz; the receiver was placed indoors at 53 different locations in an office building, and the transmitter was placed at three "base station" positions on a nearby rooftop. We report on the root-mean-square (RMS) angular spread, building penetration, and other statistical parameters that characterize the channel. Our analysis is focused on three MIMO channel assumptions often used in stochastic models. 1) It is commonly assumed that the channel matrix can be represented as a sum of a line-of-sight (LOS) contribution and a zero-mean complex Gaussian distribution. Our investigation shows that this model does not adequately represent our measurement data. 2) It is often assumed that the Rician if-factor is equal to the power ratio of the LOS component and the other multipath components (MPCs). We show that this is not the case, and we highlight the difference between the Rician if-factor often associated with LOS channels and a similar power ratio for the estimated LOS MPC. 3) A widespread assumption is that the full correlation matrix of the channel can be decomposed into a Kronecker product of the correlation matrices at the transmit and receive array. Our investigations show that the direction-of-arrival (DOA) spectrum noticeably depends on the direction-of-departure (DOD); therefore, the Kronecker model is not applicable, and models with less-restrictive assumptions on the channel, e.g., the Weichselberger model or the full correlation model, should be used.