The Effect of N -Acetylcysteine in the Nucleus Accumbens on Neurotransmission and Relapse to Cocaine

• Published in: Biological psychiatry (1969) Vol. 71; no. 11; pp. 978 - 986
• Main Authors: Kupchik, Yonatan M, Moussawi, Khaled, Tang, Xing-Chun, Wang, Xiusong, Kalivas, Benjamin C, Kolokithas, Rosalia, Ogburn, Katelyn B, Kalivas, Peter W
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01-06-2012; Elsevier
• Subjects: Acetylcysteine - pharmacology; Addiction; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Cocaine; Cystine - metabolism; Drug-Seeking Behavior - drug effects; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials - drug effects; Free Radical Scavengers - pharmacology; Glutamic Acid - metabolism; Male; Medical sciences; mGluR2/3; mGluR5; N-acetylcysteine; nucleus accumbens; Nucleus Accumbens - drug effects; Nucleus Accumbens - physiology; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Prefrontal Cortex - drug effects; Prefrontal Cortex - physiology; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate - drug effects; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate - metabolism; Recurrence; Synaptic Transmission - drug effects; mGluR2/3; nucleus accumbens; Addiction; cocaine; mGluR5; N-acetylcysteine; Thiol; Relapse; Central nervous system; Acetylcysteine; Basal ganglion; Encephalon; Nucleus accumbens; Ester; Mucolytic; Cocaine; Drug of abuse; Neurotransmission
• ISSN: 0006-3223; 1873-2402
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.024

Background Relapse to cocaine seeking has been linked with low glutamate in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) causing potentiation of synaptic glutamate transmission from prefrontal cortex (PFC) afferents. Systemic N -acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to restore glutamate homeostasis, reduce relapse to cocaine seeking, and depotentiate PFC-NAcore synapses. Here, we examine the effects of NAC applied directly to the NAcore on relapse and neurotransmission in PFC-NAcore synapses, as well as the involvement of the metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 (mGluR2/3) and 5 (mGluR5). Methods Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine for 2 weeks and following extinction received either intra-accumbens NAC or systemic NAC 30 or 120 minutes, respectively, before inducing reinstatement with a conditioned cue or a combined cue and cocaine injection. We also recorded postsynaptic currents using in vitro whole cell recordings in acute slices and measured cystine and glutamate uptake in primary glial cultures. Results NAC microinjection into the NAcore inhibited the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. In slices, a low concentration of NAC reduced the amplitude of evoked glutamatergic synaptic currents in the NAcore in an mGluR2/3-dependent manner, while high doses of NAC increased amplitude in an mGluR5-dependent manner. Both effects depended on NAC uptake through cysteine transporters and activity of the cysteine/glutamate exchanger. Finally, we showed that by blocking mGluR5 the inhibition of cocaine seeking by NAC was potentiated. Conclusions The effect of NAC on relapse to cocaine seeking depends on the balance between stimulating mGluR2/3 and mGluR5 in the NAcore, and the efficacy of NAC can be improved by simultaneously inhibiting mGluR5.