Enterovirus-induced gene expression profile is critical for human pancreatic islet destruction

• Published in: Diabetologia Vol. 55; no. 12; pp. 3273 - 3283
• Main Authors: Ylipaasto, P., Smura, T., Gopalacharyulu, P., Paananen, A., Seppänen-Laakso, T., Kaijalainen, S., Ahlfors, H., Korsgren, O., Lakey, J. R. T., Lahesmaa, R., Piemonti, L., Oresic, M., Galama, J., Roivainen, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01-12-2012; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Animals; Autoantigens; Benign; Beta cells; Biological and medical sciences; Cell death; Cells, Cultured; Chemokines; Coxsackievirus; coxsackievirus B5; Cytokines; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral - immunology; Cytotoxicity; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - immunology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - pathology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - virology; Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance; DNA microarrays; Double-stranded RNA; Echovirus; Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases); Endocrinopathies; Energy; Enterovirus; Enterovirus B, Human - immunology; Enterovirus B, Human - pathogenicity; Enterovirus Infections - immunology; Enterovirus Infections - pathology; Enterovirus Infections - virology; Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance; Female; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Glycolysis; Human Physiology; Humans; Immune response; Immunity, Innate; Immunohistochemistry; Immunology; Infection; Infections; Inflammation; Insulin; Interleukin 1; Interleukin-1alpha - immunology; Interleukin-1beta - immunology; Internal Medicine; Islets of Langerhans; Male; Medical sciences; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Metabolic Diseases; Mice; Microarray analysis; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Pancreas; Pancreatic beta cells; Pancreatic islets; Proteins; Replication; Tumor necrosis factor- alpha; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - immunology; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Tumour necrosis factor; Type 1 diabetes; Viral infections; Viruses; Finland; Echovirus; Coxsackievirus; Pancreatic beta cells; Tumour necrosis factor; Type 1 diabetes; Interleukin 1; Enterovirus; Pancreatic islets; Microarray analysis; Endocrinopathy; Human; Immunopathology; Picornaviridae; Cytokine; Langerhans islet; Autoimmune disease; Gene expression; Virus; Tumor necrosis factor; β Cell; Endocrine pancreas
• ISSN: 0012-186X; 1432-0428; 1432-0428
• DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2713-z

Aims/hypothesis
Virally induced inflammatory responses, beta cell destruction and release of beta cell autoantigens may lead to autoimmune reactions culminating in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, viral capability to induce beta cell death and the nature of virus-induced immune responses are among key determinants of diabetogenic viruses. We hypothesised that enterovirus infection induces a specific gene expression pattern that results in islet destruction and that such a host response pattern is not shared among all enterovirus infections but varies between virus strains.
Methods
The changes in global gene expression and secreted cytokine profiles induced by lytic or benign enterovirus infections were studied in primary human pancreatic islet using DNA microarrays and viral strains either isolated at the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes or capable of causing a diabetes-like condition in mice.
Results
The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1-α, IL-1-β and TNF-α) that also mediate cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction correlated with the lytic potential of a virus
.
Temporally increasing gene expression levels of double-stranded RNA recognition receptors, antiviral molecules, cytokines and chemokines were detected for all studied virus strains. Lytic coxsackievirus B5 (CBV-5)-DS infection also downregulated genes involved in glycolysis and insulin secretion.
Conclusions/interpretation
The results suggest a distinct, virus-strain-specific, gene expression pattern leading to pancreatic islet destruction and pro-inflammatory effects after enterovirus infection. However, neither viral replication nor cytotoxic cytokine production alone are sufficient to induce necrotic cell death. More likely the combined effect of these and possibly cellular energy depletion lie behind the enterovirus-induced necrosis of islets.