A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
•A significant reduction in psychological impact 4 weeks after COVID outbreak.•The mean scores of respondents in both surveys were above PTSD cut-offs.•Female gender, physical symptoms associated with a higher psychological impact.•Hand hygiene, mask-wearing & confidence in doctors reduced psych...
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| Published in: | Brain, behavior, and immunity Vol. 87; pp. 40 - 48 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Netherlands
Elsevier Inc
01-07-2020
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| Abstract | •A significant reduction in psychological impact 4 weeks after COVID outbreak.•The mean scores of respondents in both surveys were above PTSD cut-offs.•Female gender, physical symptoms associated with a higher psychological impact.•Hand hygiene, mask-wearing & confidence in doctors reduced psychological impact.•Online trauma-focused psychotherapy may be helpful to public during COVID-19.
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support. |
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| AbstractList | •
A significant reduction in psychological impact 4 weeks after COVID outbreak.
•
The mean scores of respondents in both surveys were above PTSD cut-offs.
•
Female gender, physical symptoms associated with a higher psychological impact.
•
Hand hygiene, mask-wearing & confidence in doctors reduced psychological impact.
•
Online trauma-focused psychotherapy may be helpful to public during COVID-19.
In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support. In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support.In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support. •A significant reduction in psychological impact 4 weeks after COVID outbreak.•The mean scores of respondents in both surveys were above PTSD cut-offs.•Female gender, physical symptoms associated with a higher psychological impact.•Hand hygiene, mask-wearing & confidence in doctors reduced psychological impact.•Online trauma-focused psychotherapy may be helpful to public during COVID-19. In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support. In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying worldwide as cases soared. Little is known about changes in levels of psychological impact, stress, anxiety and depression during this pandemic. This longitudinal study surveyed the general population twice - during the initial outbreak, and the epidemic's peak four weeks later, surveying demographics, symptoms, knowledge, concerns, and precautionary measures against COVID-19. There were 1738 respondents from 190 Chinese cities (1210 first-survey respondents, 861 s-survey respondents; 333 respondents participated in both). Psychological impact and mental health status were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), respectively. IES-R measures PTSD symptoms in survivorship after an event. DASS -21 is based on tripartite model of psychopathology that comprise a general distress construct with distinct characteristics. This study found that there was a statistically significant longitudinal reduction in mean IES-R scores (from 32.98 to 30.76, p < 0.01) after 4 weeks. Nevertheless, the mean IES-R score of the first- and second-survey respondents were above the cut-off scores (>24) for PTSD symptoms, suggesting that the reduction in scores was not clinically significant. During the initial evaluation, moderate-to-severe stress, anxiety and depression were noted in 8.1%, 28.8% and 16.5%, respectively and there were no significant longitudinal changes in stress, anxiety and depression levels (p > 0.05). Protective factors included high level of confidence in doctors, perceived survival likelihood and low risk of contracting COVID-19, satisfaction with health information, personal precautionary measures. As countries around the world brace for an escalation in cases, Governments should focus on effective methods of disseminating unbiased COVID-19 knowledge, teaching correct containment methods, ensuring availability of essential services/commodities, and providing sufficient financial support. |
| Author | Wan, Xiaoyang Tan, Yilin Xu, Linkang Pan, Riyu Wang, Cuiyan McIntyre, Roger S. Choo, Faith N. Ho, Cyrus Tran, Bach Ho, Roger Sharma, Vijay K. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Cuiyan surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Cuiyan organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Riyu surname: Pan fullname: Pan, Riyu organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Xiaoyang surname: Wan fullname: Wan, Xiaoyang organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Yilin surname: Tan fullname: Tan, Yilin organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Linkang surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Linkang organization: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Roger S. surname: McIntyre fullname: McIntyre, Roger S. organization: Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada – sequence: 7 givenname: Faith N. surname: Choo fullname: Choo, Faith N. organization: Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 8 givenname: Bach surname: Tran fullname: Tran, Bach organization: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States – sequence: 9 givenname: Roger surname: Ho fullname: Ho, Roger email: pcmrhcm@nus.edu.sg organization: Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore – sequence: 10 givenname: Vijay K. surname: Sharma fullname: Sharma, Vijay K. organization: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore – sequence: 11 givenname: Cyrus surname: Ho fullname: Ho, Cyrus organization: Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32298802$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Snippet | •A significant reduction in psychological impact 4 weeks after COVID outbreak.•The mean scores of respondents in both surveys were above PTSD cut-offs.•Female... In addition to being a public physical health emergency, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected global mental health, as evidenced by panic-buying... • A significant reduction in psychological impact 4 weeks after COVID outbreak. • The mean scores of respondents in both surveys were above PTSD cut-offs. •... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Anxiety Anxiety - epidemiology Anxiety - psychology Anxiety - therapy Betacoronavirus Child China - epidemiology Coronavirus Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology Coronavirus Infections - prevention & control COVID-19 Depression Depression - epidemiology Depression - psychology Depression - therapy Epidemic Epidemics Female Hand Hygiene Health Behavior Humans Internet-Based Intervention Longitudinal Longitudinal Studies Male Masks Mental Health Middle Aged Pandemic Pandemics - prevention & control Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Pneumonia, Viral - prevention & control Post-traumatic stress disorder Precaution Psychotherapy SARS-CoV-2 Stress Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - epidemiology Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - therapy Stress, Psychological - epidemiology Stress, Psychological - psychology Stress, Psychological - therapy Young Adult |
| Title | A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China |
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